“四清”运动中毛泽东关于人体写生模特儿问题的批示始末

摘要:

本文通过介绍20世纪60年代初期“四清”运动的历史背景,梳理其前后毛泽东关于人体写生模特儿的批示的全过程,涉及此事的相关人物的不同表现,以及“文革”后有关机构与美术界对于人体写生问题的拨乱反正,力求还原中国现代美术史上的这一重要事件。通过对毛泽东关于人体写生问题批示内容的讨论,探讨毛泽东对于艺术学科发展的大局观,以及处理知识分子问题和中西文化关系的丰富经验。毛泽东对于徐悲鸿与齐白石的比较和评价,意味深长,折射出新中国成立后社会主义美术发展道路的曲折与复杂。



1962年8月23日,毛泽东在北戴河谈到党内出现修正主义的问题。1962年9月24日至27日,毛泽东主持八届十中全会,提出“千万不要忘记阶级斗争”,指出“我们要搞一万年阶级斗争,不然,我们就要变成‘国民党’、‘修正主义分子’”(1)。毛泽东对于阶级斗争的强调最初来自于1956年波兰、匈牙利等东欧国家发生的重大事变,以及此后60年代初期中国共产党与苏联共产党关于国际共产主义运动应该走什么样的道路所发生的激烈争论。这些社会主义国家发生的对马克思主义和社会主义的“修正”,引起了毛泽东的警觉和忧虑,也成为其提出从以经济建设为中心转向以阶级斗争为中心的国际背景。毛泽东这一时期的忧虑和危机感,从他在1961年11月17日所写的《七律·和郭沫若同志》中的诗句“一从大地起风雷,便有精生白骨堆”可以见出。而1962年12月16日的《七律·冬云》,更是以“高天滚滚寒流急,大地微微暖气吹”表明了毛泽东对国内外大小气候的敏感。

1962年1月,毛泽东在扩大的中央工作会议(七千人大会)上宣布了他的一个重要的基本判断,即整个社会主义阶段,还会产生新的资产阶级分子,存在着阶级和阶级斗争,这种阶级斗争是长期的、复杂的,有时甚至是激烈的。他提出了一个百分比的“划分”,即人民占总人口的95%,阶级敌人(地、富、反、坏、右)占5%(2),如果按照当年全国总人口6亿7295万来算,5%的阶级敌人就是3364.75万人,不知道当时做出这样估计的根据在哪里。

根据毛泽东的阶级斗争思想,党中央决定在全国城乡开展大规模的阶级斗争,即“社会主义教育运动”。1963年5月9日,党中央制定了《关于目前农村工作中若干问题的决定(草案)》(简称《后十条》),农村开展的“四清”运动初期是指“清理帐目、清理仓库、清理财务、清理工分”,城市里开展“五反运动”(反对贪污盗窃、反对投机倒把、反对铺张浪费、反对分散主义、反对官僚主义),这与50年代的“三反”、“五反”非常相似。1964年底至1965年初,中央又制定《农村社会主义教育运动中目前提出的一些问题》(简称《二十三条》),决定将城乡社会主义教育运动的内容一律确定为“清政治、清经济、清组织、清思想”,统称“四清”,这场运动历时近四年(3),可以称之为文化大革命的预演。当时全国下至基层搞“四清”、“五反”的各类工作队有150万—160万人(4),文化大革命初期北京市委向北京的大学派出工作队以及“文革”后期向大学和中学派出军宣队、工宣队,与“四清”运动时向基层派出工作队是一样的思路和方法。

“四清”运动中很重要的一条是“清思想”,也就是清理资产阶级的思想,防止资本主义复辟。有关“模特儿”的使用问题正是在这一历史背景下提出来的。1963年12月12日,毛泽东在中共中央宣传部文艺处编印的关于上海举行故事会的材料上,发表了一个重要批示:“各种艺术形式———戏剧、曲艺、音乐、美术、舞蹈、电影、诗和文学等等,问题不少,人数很多,社会主义改造在许多部门中,至今收效甚微,许多部门至今还是‘死人’统治着。不能低估电影、新诗、民歌、美术、小说的成绩,但其中问题也不少……社会经济基础已经改变了,为这个基础服务的上层建筑之一的艺术部门,至今还是大问题……许多共产党人热心提倡封建主义和资本主义的艺术,却不热心提倡社会主义的艺术,岂非咄咄怪事。”1964年6月27日,毛泽东对中央宣传部文艺处《关于全国文联和各协会整风情况的报告(草稿)》又做出批示。批示说:“这些协会和他们所掌握的刊物的大多数(据说有少数几个好的),十五年来,基本上(不是一切人)不执行党的政策,做官当老爷,不去接近工农兵,不去反映社会主义的革命和建设。最近几年,竟然跌到了修正主义的边缘。如不认真改造,势必在将来的某一天,要变成匈牙利裴多菲俱乐部那样的团体。”上述两个批示表明,毛泽东对于当时文艺领域的社会主义教育运动的进展状况甚为不满。这两个批示当时没有公开发表,但文艺界内部已经流传,因此全国文联及所属各协会再次进行整风,而且扩展到文化部及其直属单位。随后,即对一些文艺作品、学术观点和文艺界学术界的一些代表人物进行了错误的、过火的政治批判。1966年《红旗》杂志第9期重新发表毛泽东《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》,在所加的按语《无产阶级文化大革命的指南针》中,首次正式公开了毛泽东的这两个批示。

其实,在毛泽东发表两个批示前,担任中宣部电影处处长的江青,已经开始急切地介入文艺界。1963年她就以“京剧革命”为名,在文艺界煽动极“左”思潮。1965年11月,经她与张春桥组织,由姚文元九易其稿,完成《评新编历史剧〈海瑞罢官〉》发表于《文汇报》,这篇文章经毛泽东批示,成为正式发动文化大革命的导火线。1966年2月2日至20日,林彪委托江青在上海召开“部队文艺工作座谈会”,发表了《部队文艺工作座谈会纪要》,明确提出“建国后,文艺界被一条与毛泽东思想相对立的反党反社会主义的黑线专了我们的政……要坚决进行一场文化战线上的社会主义大革命,彻底搞掉文艺界的这条黑线”。这一《纪要》先由陈伯达和张春桥修改,后由毛泽东三次修改,由林彪转中央军委批准后报中共中央,4月10日以中共中央正式文件下发(5)。

还在1963年8月,中央美术学院罗工柳主持的油画系研究班毕业展出时,江青就曾秘密到帅府园中央美院美术陈列馆“调查研究”,对项尔躬的《红色娘子军》、钟涵的《延河岸边》等作品不满,表示问题很大。“因此原来各方反映良好、准备认真总结宣传的计划突然改变,邀请好发言者的座谈会不开了,已由罗工柳编好的画册不出了。时任中宣部副部长兼文化部副部长的林默涵示意艾中信发表文章进行评论,艾先生勉为其难,一面肯定成绩,却委婉地提出批评意见。《人民日报》整版刊出,而盛大隆重的结业展览草草收场”(6)。

有关模特儿问题的始作俑者是康生。1964年5月,时任中共八届中央政治局委员、书记处书记的康生等人在一份《关于使用模特儿问题》的报告上批示:“这个问题现在必须解决它。用女模特儿是不是洋教条?可不可以废除?难道吴道子的人物画是靠这个办法练出来的吗?”“我意应坚决禁止,我决不相信要成为画家一定要画模特儿”。他们甚至还认为,“这种办法实际上是资产阶级美术界玩弄女性的借口”(7)。此言一出,中央美院的一些教师和附中学生便纷纷控诉模特儿制度对于青年的毒害。三个月后,当时的文化部根据康生等中央领导的“批示”精神,向全国文化领导部门及美术院校发出了经其审阅的《中华人民共和国文化部关于废除美术部门使用模特儿的通知》,造成很长一段时间美术学院的创作和教学难以进行。

1964年9月,美院附中发生所谓“压制批判杨献珍事件”,部分工农出身的学生及教师严跃,不明党内斗争的复杂性,以“左倾”的观念写信给中央,康生接见了严跃,并直接插手附中事件。10月,北影、中央美院、中央戏剧学院、中央音乐学院等文艺界十大重点单位,作为试点进行文艺整风和社会主义教育运动,康生亲自做报告宣布全面开展文艺整风。此时江青又直接插手,组成联合工作组,五百多人的中央美院,派来了七十多人的工作队,搞“扎根串联”、“大揭阶级斗争的盖子”,使美院师生提前遭受了“文革”的苦难(8)。11月,江青还接见了中央美院雕塑系教师傅天仇,说“有同志说美术学院是个大染缸,我看是个漂白缸”。江青的话为中央美院定性,导致“文革”中许多画家和领导受到迫害。而在1970年冬天,北京的几所主要艺术类院校如中央美院、中央音乐学院、中央戏剧学院联合组成“中央五七艺术大学”,江青担任校长,表明了她对于掌控中国艺术教育和文艺革命的浓厚兴趣。康生与江青都是山东诸城人,是康生把江青从演艺界领上“革命道路”,江青与康生的合作,从延安延续到北京,直到“文革”中江青担任中央文化革命领导小组的第一副组长、代理组长,康生担任中央文化革命领导小组顾问,两个人一直是配合默契。

就在美术教育界对于文化部废除使用模特儿的通知议论纷纷之时,中央美院教师王式廓、闻立鹏、李化吉因为不同意废除人体模特儿写生,于1965年5月12日共同研究起草了一封长信,向中央领导反映废除模特儿后出现的问题,此信托人转交给江青。其实,还在1964年10月25日,江青就曾受毛泽东委托,由林默涵陪同,在中南海接见过王式廓、闻立鹏、李化吉。起因是他们三人当年从农村文化工作队返校后,受农村“四清”抓阶级斗争的左倾思想影响,在1964年10月曾联名写过一封信给中宣部副部长林默涵并转交毛泽东。信中赞同毛泽东对文艺领域的两个批示,认为美院党委右倾,学校已被资产阶级知识分子统治。江青在接见他们三人时说“美院是稀烂了”,“美院是大染缸”,并说项尔躬画的《红色娘子军》是“蓝色娘子鬼”(9)。这也间接表明她日后狠抓革命样板戏(其中包括《红色娘子军》)事出有因。

从毛泽东批示的第一页信函的抬头可以看出,王式廓、闻立鹏、李化吉关于模特儿问题的信似乎是应江青的要求而写的,信的开头说:“江青同志:按照您的指示,这封信本该早些送上,由于美院四清运动迅速坚决的展开而拖延至今,请您原谅。”他们在信中指出:“资产阶级艺术教育体系必须彻底批判……无产阶级在建立和完备自己的艺术教育体系中,可以批判继承旧传统中的某些合理因素,模特儿写生作为解决艺术基本功的初步训练方法,是可以批判继承的……真人(模特儿)写生是美术基本功训练的重要方法,因此,反对为技术而技术并不否定画真人习作。为了深入研究人体的运动、结构、比例、造型,至少在油画专业和雕塑专业应有一定比例的人体习作……从废除模特儿制以后,在教学活动中已经遇到了不少困难,应届毕业生的创作质量有可能因此受到影响。建议在‘四清’第四阶段中,发动群众进行民主讨论,经过反复试验,使新的艺术教育体系稳定地建立起来,完备起来。”

1965年7月18日,毛泽东在王式廓、闻立鹏、李化吉来信的第一页上批示(10):

定一、康生、恩来、少奇、小平、彭真同志:

此事应当改变。男女老少裸体model,是绘画和雕塑必须的基本功,不要不行。封建思想,加以禁止,是不妥的。即使有些坏事出现,也不要紧。为了艺术学科,不惜小有牺牲。请酌定。

毛泽东 1965年7月18日

毛泽东的这段批示似乎与当时“四清”运动的政治氛围并不一致,也与有关文艺界的两个严厉批示不相吻合。但是考虑到毛泽东对美术界和中央美院是了解的——中央美院的前身有一部分是延安的鲁迅艺术文学院,毛泽东与华君武、蔡若虹、江丰、罗工柳、王朝闻等延安时期的美术干部均比较熟悉,他们中的许多人都参加了1942年5月的“延安文艺座谈会”,聆听了毛泽东的讲话,忠实地执行毛泽东提出的党的革命的文艺方针和路线。此外,中央美院教师的美术作品也为毛泽东所熟悉,党的七大主席台上的毛泽东像与朱德像是王式廓所绘,延安时期的毛泽东浮雕像是王朝闻所作;毛泽东对徐悲鸿在抗战和北平和平解放中所做的贡献更是十分了解。新中国成立后毛泽东在中南海看过中央美院的教师美术作品,并且对董希文所绘的《开国大典》十分赞赏,而中央美院成立时的校名也是毛泽东所写。毛泽东所谓“不惜小有牺牲”,表明了他对于艺术学科发展的大局观,并未局限于政治化的意识形态之中,也表明了一种“治大国若烹小鲜”的政治家的广阔胸怀,以及处理知识分子问题和中西文化关系的丰富经验。

值得注意的是,毛泽东还在该来函的末页上补充批示道:“齐白石、陈半丁之流,就花木而论,还不如清末某些画家。中国画家,就我见过的,只有一个徐悲鸿留下了人体素描。其余如齐白石、陈半丁之流,没有一个能画人物的。徐悲鸿学过西洋画法。此外还有一个刘海粟。”这段话大约没有传达,坊间多有不知。但毛泽东对曾送画给他祝寿的齐白石、中央文史馆的知名画家陈半丁如此评价,确实令人不解。不过,如果说齐白石、陈半丁与徐悲鸿、刘海粟这些留法回来的画家相比,不会画写实人物特别是人体,倒是实话。就花卉来说,与晚清海上画派的任熊、任伯年、吴昌硕等人相比,齐白石也差得较远。虽然是木匠出身,齐白石对文人写意花鸟画非常欣赏,渴望做徐渭、八大山人和吴昌硕的徒弟(11)。如此说来,毛泽东讲得也还在理。

据美术史家陈醉所言,毛泽东的批示没有正式发表,“只是在私下传抄或小报和专业刊物引用,所以申辩者也腰杆不硬。‘文革’期间,毛主席的话是‘最高指示’,报刊中引用毛主席语录得排黑体字,否则会招来横祸的。但是,唯独这条明确批示裸体模特儿可以画的语录,引用者既不敢用黑体,反对者也不敢说是假的,因为任何人想借此发难都将有可能落入‘恶毒攻击’的陷阱,所以大家都心照不宣。不过在那个疯狂的年代,各派都是各取所需,很多于己不利的‘最高指示’,都肆意歪曲、阳奉阴违,所以即便是正式发表过亦无济于事”(12)。但毛泽东的“批示”在“四清运动”的政治气候中传出之后,大大惊动了艺术教育界。尤其是“批示”中没有使用“阶级斗争”字样,并用英文“model”代替中文“模特儿”,可见毛泽东在人体写生模特儿问题上“洋为中用”的开阔胸怀。

三个月之后,当时的文化部党组根据毛泽东的这一重要“批示”精神,于1965年10月9日送上了“中央宣传部并报中央、主席”的《关于美术院校和美术创作部门使用模特儿的请示》:“毛主席在7月18日对美术院校绘画和雕塑专业使用模特儿问题做了重要批示,使我们受到深刻的教育。文化部党组讨论了毛主席的指示,一致认为十分正确,应当坚决执行。文化部1964年8月发出的《关于废除美术部门使用模特儿的通知》有很大的片面性,是不妥当的……要提高师生及模特儿工作者的思想认识和审美观点;应多用专职模特儿而少雇或不雇临时工做模特儿;对模特儿应采取同志式的平等态度,尊重他们的劳动;除安排模特儿进行基本功训练外,应注意组织师生深入工农兵中写生,以锻炼和提高刻画工农兵形象的创作能力……”(13)这个《请示》由中央宣传部在1965年11月11日转发。转发《通知》称:“各中央局宣传部,各省、市、自治区党委宣传部:文化部党组《关于美术院校和美术创作部门使用模特儿的请示》,已经中央批准,现在转发给你们,请参照执行。”(14)但是,相当诡异的是,在随之而来的文化大革命中,在那个林彪所说的“毛主席的指示一句顶一万句”的年代里,毛主席“关于人体写生模特儿的问题的批示”却并没有得到认真的贯彻和执行,人体写生被作为封、资、修的象征受到了更猛烈的批判。

“文革”初期的1967年,美术界的一些愚昧无知的“造反派”,在“横扫一切”、“造反有理”、“打倒封资修”的疯狂口号中,曾首先针对他们所谓的“资产阶级学院派”的维纳斯、大卫等素描石膏教具开始了彻底砸烂的行为(在中央美院石膏馆中,至今劫后余生,仅两座米开朗基罗的著名石膏像留存,一是《大卫》头像,一是《被缚的奴隶》)。1967年初秋,美术界的造反派又针对人体写生模特儿问题,以污辱身心的方式在恭王府大院召开了对周扬等中宣部、文化部几位领导者的批斗大会,以野蛮的行动否定了毛泽东的“批示”精神。其实在此之前的5月26日北师大红卫兵的一张小报上,就曾全文刊登过毛泽东《关于model问题的批示》。可能由于这些“造反派”忙于造反而无暇细读,只是注意捕捉了其中比较醒目的洋文“model”、中文“裸体……”和“封建思想……”及“……之流”等所谓“封资修”字样,竟将毛泽东反对封建思想、肯定模特儿写生的“批示”,误作“文革”中“横扫”之用的“最高指示”了。有意思的是,钱绍武在1979年发表的文章《为什么要画裸体模特儿》中曾提到,70年代初期,《美术》杂志发表通讯,报道鲁迅美术学院大胆恢复画裸体模特儿,但是却将毛主席关于人体写生批示中的“裸体”二字取消了。跑去一问,回答是这篇报道依据的批示抄自“文革”中的一个油印本,大概“文革”中的油印本传抄者不敢相信毛主席会有此等指示,为保险起见擅自去掉了“裸体”二字(15)。

在“文革”中活跃的王曼恬(16),给继续主张用人体模特儿写生的中央美术学院师生,扣上了“资产阶级学院派”、“回潮”、“复辟”的帽子,从而否定了毛泽东关于人体写生的“批示”精神。1967年7月27日,时任中宣部副部长、国务院文教办公室主任的张际春因对“使用模特儿问题”有不同看法,致函党中央和毛泽东,汇报了几年来一些美术院校使用模特儿进行人体教学的情况,表明了他对毛泽东批示的看法。他认为要画人体,不写实、不用模特儿当然不行,但使用模特儿似不一定要从社会上专门雇请,可考虑用别的办法代替。张际春在信中最后说:“我没有说‘主席批了也不能执行’的话。我是主张有模特儿的,只是就解决的办法提出了一些新意见。”(17)毛泽东读了张际春的信以后,于同年8月4日写下了第二个关于画人体的批示:“画画是科学,就画人体这问题说,应走徐悲鸿的素描道路,而不应走齐白石的道路。”(18)

为什么毛泽东关于人体模特儿的两次批示,都是推崇徐悲鸿而贬抑齐白石呢?对此,陈醉认为:“从他的这几段批示来看,明显流露了对西洋画、人物画甚至‘人体素描’的褒扬和对传统花鸟画的贬抑。这自然不是一种个人好恶,而是居于政权需要所作的选择。毛泽东未必对绘画有兴趣,但他深知‘西洋画法’和‘人体素描’对反映现实生活甚至直接图解政治内容的重要意义,而花鸟画于此是完全无能为力的。所以,‘即使有些坏事出现’,也‘不惜小有牺牲’,而且连国粹的中国画系教学都引进了人体素描训练。毛泽东的有关指导思想,客观地促进了中西艺术的交流与融会,尤其是对油画、雕塑等在中国的发展,以及传统中国画技法的拓展、特别是人物画的复兴都具有根本性的意义。”(19)由此可以看出,新中国成立以后,在美术学院的体系里,提倡西方写实主义艺术,油画、雕塑的地位得到提升,与当时的国家主流意识形态的需要有关。即相对于封建社会的山水、花鸟画,建立在严谨的人体写生基础上的油画和雕塑,对于创作革命历史题材绘画、建立社会主义国家的视觉艺术主流话语,有着重要作用,得到了政府的大力支持和提倡。这直接导致一大批解放前的著名山水花鸟画家,在新中国成立以后于政治与艺术的夹缝中检讨思想,更弦易张,努力学习创作人物画。实在画不了人物的,就画以毛主席诗词为主题的红色山水画。潘天寿《杭县农民争交农业税》(1950),吕凤子《苏州园内新游人》(1954),陆俨少《教妈妈识字》(1956),傅抱石《抢渡大渡河》(1951)、《更喜岷山千里雪》(1953)等,均是这种情况。

20世纪70年代末是一个正本清源、拨乱反正的历史时期,文化部艺术教育司为重新起草关于模特儿写生问题的文件,将拟稿任务交给了艺术教育司的干部蔡孑人。在当时主管艺术教育的文化部副部长林默涵和艺术教育司司长王子成的指导下,蔡孑人数次去中央美术学院院部及油画系和雕塑系进行调研。他发现当时有两种现象:一种是,少数学院领导者与部分老教授,他们的心境似乎仍被“文革”中所谓的“资产阶级学院派”、“回潮”、“复辟”以及“文化大革命七八年再来一次”等残魂余悸所缠绕;而另一种则是,很多中青年教师和不少系主任,向知情者多次呼吁:“毛主席他老人家不仅在抗击帝国主义方面是世界上少有的伟大英雄,而且在对待那半个世纪一直争论难休的人体写生模特儿问题的博大气魄和他并未将此与阶级斗争相联系的科学态度上,则更是中外领袖中罕见的真正美学家。文化部的领导者应当迅速恢复毛主席批示的‘画画是科学’‘不要不行’的模特儿写生课。”(20)

为恢复人体写生模特儿课,1978年12月15日,经艺术教育司拟稿并以文化部文件形式,再次向全国各省市文化领导部门及美术院校发出了《关于美术院校和美术创作部门使用模特儿问题的通知》,此时距毛泽东的相关批示已经过去了十三年。《通知》说:“……由于‘四人帮’的干扰和破坏,在使用模特儿问题上造成了极大的思想混乱,许多干部和教师为此遭到迫害,美术教学质量和创作的基本功严重下降。粉碎‘四人帮’后,有些美术院校和美术创作部门至今心有余悸,不敢使用模特儿进行基本功训练。现经我部研究,认为1965年11月11日中央宣传部转发的文化部党组的《请示》报告是正确的,所做的几项规定是可行的。为了拨乱反正,特将中央宣传部《通知》和文化部党组的《请示》报告再次重印转发,望遵照执行。”不难看出,在此问题上的正本清源、拨乱反正工作,是何等的复杂与艰难。

此后,为继续推动对毛泽东“批示”精神的恢复与贯彻,同时又强调对人体模特儿写生课程的管理,文化部又曾于1984年发出过补充性的“通知”,主要强调应根据美术院校不同专业的实际需要和按照教学大纲规定的循序教程认真安排人体写生课,并重视提高师生及模特儿工作者的审美情操(21)。

1979年,中央美院“文革”后恢复招生的第二年,创刊于1957年的院刊《美术研究》也恢复出版。复刊后的第1期封面发表了古希腊最著名的雕塑《断臂的阿芙罗底德》(即《断臂维纳斯》),同时重点发表了美术史系教授邵大箴《关于人体模特儿》的长文和雕塑系教授钱绍武的文章《为什么要画祼体模特儿》,并且在封三发表了徐悲鸿留学法国时期所画的女人体素描。邵大箴在文章中称赞毛泽东“批示”的辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的科学精神,认为“林彪、四人帮出自不可告人的目的,长期以来封锁和抵制毛主席关于模特儿问题的批示,推行法西斯文化专制主义,反对艺术科学,蛮横地禁止画模特儿”。邵大箴针对毛泽东“批示”中涉及的一系列问题,结合中外美术史上的诸多例证,做了精辟的阐释。他指出,画石膏像和临摹都不能代替对模特儿的写生和研究,不能因为模特儿这个方法是资产阶级美术教育中首先使用的,我们就要宣判它的死刑,对人体美的正确认识应该成为社会主义审美观的组成部分。钱绍武的文章则从艺术家的角度,更加深入细致地讨论了人体艺术的丰富性、复杂性,指出中国传统艺术对于人体的理解和刻画存在不足之处,画裸体模特儿是值得采用的好方法,是绘画、雕塑的基本功。这两篇文章的发表,对于“文革”后美术界的拨乱反正、全面正确理解毛泽东当年的“批示”起到了重要作用,悄然打开了新时期中国现代美术和人体艺术的启蒙大门,这一期的《美术研究》因而受到美术界的广泛欢迎,在许多地方脱销。

1998年12月18日《中国文化报》发表了文化部老干部蔡孑人所写的《毛泽东关于人体写生模特儿问题的批示》一文,并且经过中共中央文献研究室批准,首次发表了毛泽东批示的手稿,第一次比较全面地回顾了毛泽东关于人体写生模特儿问题的批示的史实,使我们有可能比较清晰地了解20世纪中国现代美术史上这一重要的历史事件,此后有关此事的所有文章与报道的基本资料均来源于此文。

以上是关于“四清”运动前后毛泽东就人体写生模特问题的批示的历史回顾。对于今天的青年学生来说,发生在五十多年前的事情似乎非常遥远,但是,对历史事实的检索与回顾,可以让我们获得更为深阔的历史视野,让我们意识到,许多在今天看来是理所当然的事与物(如人体写生),其实都有着自己特殊的发生史,都是前人付出了重大代价才对时代的发展做出了有限的推动。对历史事件的发生过程的研究,有助于我们更好地理解和记忆历史。

作者|殷双喜(中央美术学院《美术研究》编辑部)

原文发表于《文艺研究》2012年01期

注释

(1)金春明:《中华人民共和国简史(1949-2004)》,中共党史出版社2004年版,第114页。

(2)《建国以来毛泽东文稿》第10册,中央文献出版社1996年版,转引自胡鞍钢《中国政治经济史论(1949-1976)》,清华大学出版社2007年版,第467页。

(4)薄一波:《若干重大决策与事件的回顾》下卷,中共中央党校出版社1993年版,转引自胡鞍钢《中国政治经济史论(1949-1976)》,第470页,第471页。

(5)中共中央文献研究室编《周恩来年谱(1949-1976)》下卷,中央文献出版社1997年版,转引自胡鞍钢《中国政治经济史论(1949-1976)》,第518页。

(6)(8)(9)闻立鹏编著《王式廓评传》,岭南美术出版社2011年版,第252页,第254页,第253页。

(7)(13)(14)(20)(21)蔡孑人:《毛泽东关于人体写生模特儿问题的批示》,载《中国文化报》1998年12月18日第3版。

(10)《毛泽东关于人体写生模特儿问题的批示》,收入《毛泽东文集》第8卷,人民出版社2001年版,第419页。

(11)齐白石有咏志诗一首:“青藤雪个远凡胎,缶老衰年别有才。我欲九泉为走狗,三家门下转轮来。”青藤指明末花鸟画家徐渭,雪个指明末遗民画家八大山人,缶老指清末民初画家吴昌硕。

(12)(19)陈醉:《裸体艺术论》“前言”,中国青年出版社2010年版。

(15)钱绍武:《为什么要画裸体模特儿》,载《美术研究》1979年第1期。

(16)王曼恬,女,1913年生,湖南省湘乡县人,毛泽东的表侄女。30年代于上海新华艺专学习美术。做过地下党工作,从事文艺界的抗日统战运动。后到延安边中一队任美术教员。1949年后曾任天津教育局分局长。“文革”中,任天津市委主管文教的书记、革委会副主任。1971年7月兼任国务院文化组党组成员,分管全国美术工作。1973年11月兼中央五七艺术大学副校长。粉碎“四人帮”后被隔离审查。1977年10月自杀于狱中(资料来源:百度百科)。

(17)张际春,1900年生,湖南省宜章人。中共党员,早年结业于衡阳第三师范学校,后参加井冈山斗争,长期从事军队政治工作;新中国成立后,历任西南军区副政委兼政治部主任、中共西南局组织部长兼纪监委书记、农村工作部部长、西南局第二书记、中央宣传部副部长、国务院文教办公室主任等职,1968年9月12日被林彪、江青反革命集团迫害致死,1979年平反(资料来源:百度百科)。

(18)此批示后编入《毛泽东论文艺》增订本,人民文学出版社1992年版。

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This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

Article II

Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.

Article III

Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.

Article IV

Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.

Article V

During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

Article VI

Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement

According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Group Visit Agreement
and Statement

CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement

I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.

CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer

Article I

This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

Article II

Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.

Article III

Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.

Article IV

Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.

Article V

During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

Article VI

Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement

According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Group Visit Agreement
and Statement

CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement

I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.

CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer

Article I

This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

Article II

Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.

Article III

Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.

Article IV

Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.

Article V

During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

Article VI

Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement

According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Event Booking Form

Name:
Gender
Phone:
Valid Certificate: Identity Card
ID Number:
Email:

Reminder:

Hello! Thank you for participating in our public education event and we are looking forward to seeing you! If you cannot attend the event on time, please send a text message to 13261936837 (Liang) to cancel the booking. Please be aware that your eligibility for using the quick booking may be affected If you cancel the booking more than three times. Thank you for your understanding!
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