自2016年9月3日《破碎与聚合：青州龙兴寺佛教造像》开展以来，吸引了来自全国各地的各界人士，周末观展的观众更是排起长队。每日开馆时分，很多观众就已守候在馆外了；展厅内更是观者如堵，座座佛像前都围绕着“虔诚”的观者，络绎不绝的人群使得这埋藏于地下千年的石块不再冰冷孤寂。这次展览特意将出土时一些破碎的石块带到展厅，与完整的佛像一起展示，引导观者思考像教内涵与破碎之道。
那么，此次青州龙兴寺古代佛像展为什么会如此大受欢迎？从展品到展陈方式再到策展理念，又增加了哪些与众不同的因素呢？下面，跟随笔者的脚步，来看看此次展览的亮点和看点。
一、值得一看的展品
韩小华造弥勒像 北魏永安二年（529年）
彩绘罗汉坐像 北宋
这两件展品是本次青州龙兴寺窖藏展品的时间标尺。一件是窖藏中年代最早的韩小华造弥勒像，不要忘记观看其基座正立面刻的供养题记，记载了造像的时间是北魏永安二年（529年），这件造像明确了窖藏出土这批佛造像的上限。另一件是窖藏中年代很晚的北宋彩绘罗汉坐像，据窖藏坑中有纪年的北宋天圣四年（1026年）的造像来看，这些北宋的佛像预示着窖藏坑的开挖和埋藏年代约在北宋末年。
或许是北宋王朝的分列与战乱再次让佛教徒们预感到了即将来临的佛教灾难，为了避免再次发生灭法运动中的惨景，僧侣们把完好的佛像悄悄迁走、把历史遗留下来的破碎佛像如舍利般集中掩埋，最后再在窖藏坑上做礼仪法事、敬香供拜，如此才得安心。
贴金彩绘佛立像（局部） 北齐
这件带半边头光的圆雕佛立像在柔和的灯光下显得十分宁静，阴影中微微抿着上扬的嘴角透出丝丝欣喜的神色。这件北齐造像被评为“观众最喜爱的立像“之一，不仅因为其通身贴体的袈裟还保留有较完好的彩绘，也因为其小腹微微隆起的整体造型显得格外婀娜美丽。
彩绘佛立像（局部） 北齐
彩绘佛立像（局部） 北齐
是的，你没有看错，我们在展厅中寻找了许久的印度标准螺发样式，就在这两尊圆雕佛立像的头发上，右旋旋涡状的头发说明他们是中南亚人种。这两件都是北齐的造像，椭圆形的脸形更加圆润饱满，神情安详，静静地望着观者。
法界人中像 北齐
法界人中像残件 北齐
这两件展厅中的法界人中像一件完整、一件残碎，但袈裟界格中雕刻出的故事图像活灵活现。所谓的法界人中像是指在佛（一般是卢舍那佛）身体或袈裟上雕刻出六道轮回或佛传故事等画面的一种造像题材与方式，其主要是依据佛教经典《华严经》、《涅槃经》和《法华经》三大佛经内容来表现图像，反映的是佛的住法和传法思想。
贴金彩绘佛足 北朝 汉白玉
这是展厅中唯一一件汉白玉的石雕佛脚，但窖藏坑出土的佛像并非只有这一件是汉白玉的哦，在青州博物馆中还收藏着很多完整的汉白玉雕像。从造型上来看，这双佛脚的雕凿比起其他石灰石材质的佛脚更加柔软，像是踩在一个软软的圆台上。因为汉白玉并非青州本地特有的石材，所以其极有可能是当时寺院间交换佛像时从其他地区得来的，所以这也印证了历史上寺院间有频繁交流活动的现象。另外要知道，青州龙兴寺窖藏坑中出土的石雕像主要有石灰石、汉白玉和花岗岩等材质，也存有部分陶、铁、木、泥的材质造像哦。
线刻佛菩萨像残件 唐
这是一件唐代的石雕残件，是出于造像的哪个部位不得而知。无论是从线刻的技法还是线条的运用来看，都透露着唐朝绘画用笔的精妙手法。
佛塔残件唐
这件唐代小塔一级塔身正立面残片也是极受观众欢迎的，因为它是龙兴寺窖藏坑中少有的佛塔残件。从山东地区现存的多件类似造型和年代的小唐塔来看，这类雕有尖拱形门楣和天王力士的小塔在盛唐时期集中出现，风靡一时。无独有偶，在山东济南灵岩寺的北宋辟支塔内，塔壁上也镶嵌有一件类似的小塔一级塔身正立面石，应该是作为舍利一样的物件被保存在塔中的，由此看来，将这些佛教造像或建筑构件作为舍利进行保存的做法在宋代是比较常见的。
佛头残件 北齐
贴金佛头残件 北齐
贴金佛头像 北魏晚期
这几件佛脸和佛头不要太美！不同摆姿的脸展现着不同的美感。左边上扬的半边佛脸除了眼鼻外还有微笑的嘴角，眼睛似闭合，似在禅思，给人以无限遐想。中间这张斜依的脸堪登朋友圈碎片榜首，它就这样静静地躺着、闭着眼，不言语，却已道尽无数禅机。右边的佛头是典型的北魏风格，高肉髻、方脸形，乳钉状螺发，精美异常。
一佛二菩萨贴金彩绘像 北魏晚期 七级寺出土
大家要注意，这件一佛二菩萨背屏式造像并非1996年龙兴寺窖藏出土，而是1992年出土于青州七级寺，因为造像风格与龙兴寺造像十分相近、造像保存完好且十分精美，经常被用作青州造像风格的代表入选美术史普及读物，故这次展览我们也将它一起请来展示。
除此之外，展厅里还有大量精美的背屏式造像和圆雕立像，更有融聚着残破美的碎片精品，想进一步了解展品的朋友们请赶快前去参观展览吧！
二、展览理念与展览亮点
说到此次展览的最大亮点，那就是“碎片”。该展览首次展出了青州龙兴寺窖藏出土的多件残碎的造像，更有一些残留下来的佛和菩萨的身体构件，如半张佛脸、断指的佛手和残损的佛脚等，这些碎片几乎都是从未正式在博物馆或美术馆中展出过的。碎片不同于完整的佛像，它们给人一种残缺的震撼美，也从另外一个角度还原了佛像出土时的原貌，加深观众对“什么是一尊佛像”的认识。
此次展览的另一大亮点就是刻在美术馆一楼大厅大龛里的策展人手绘图啦！郑岩老师要得一身好学问，也绘得一手好图，大胆裸身躺在地上的佛像与精细柔软的线描线条相互补充，展现的是碎裂的实物与聚合的线图的对比。
此次展览的每一件展品都是经过精心的布置和摆放，例如同样是佛脚，我们采用平放、竖立和侧放的不同方式尽量展现展品的不同特点和最精彩的部位。另外，我们也注意展品布局间的节奏，大小、造型、体量错落有致，使得整个展览格调轻松愉悦。
大家在观赏了精美的佛像之余，也不要忘记展厅右侧的书台，这里有自青州龙兴寺窖藏出土以来学术界的专著研究和各类展览图录，可为想进一步了解龙兴寺造像的观众打开知识大门。
最后，在二楼的展馆里，每天都会有我们勤劳、认真的小伙伴们给大家贴心讲解哦，介绍龙兴寺的历史和佛教造像的相关知识，来参观的朋友们如果有问题请尽管来发问吧。
三、观众感想
展厅中，一位正在看展的周先生欣喜的说：“这是我看过的最独特的佛像展览”。“这是我见过第一次从破碎的角度来展现龙兴寺佛像，展览不仅展现艺术，也包含历史，更有趣的是它以信仰的角度来说佛，我觉得很受启发。”的确，展览中展出的残件可以引导观者将更多的精力聚焦到每件展品的具体部位，如肌理、细节线条等，可以注意到在看整体造像时所注意不到的细节。
油画系毕业学生王翔也是久久驻留在展厅中反复琢磨这些造像与碎片，他更加关注“圣物”这个概念。他认为“圣物”有散有聚，如今出土后又再次聚合，整个过程跌宕反复，用这样的理念去欣赏和理解一件艺术品，整件艺术品就“活”了。鲜活的东西往往更能引导每个人进行不同角度的思考，这是对当下的艺术创作十分有益的。
一位来自中国国家博物馆的研究人员在参观过程中感慨，这个展览不同于传统的佛像展，整体给人耳目一新的感觉。“一个展览就是策展人对于这些展品的认识和理解，好的展览就需要把策展理念直观的传递给观者。通过这个展览，我对这些展品有了不同的理解，佛的灵力不仅仅蕴藏在完整的佛像中，这些经历过法难的碎片因为经历了不平凡，故更能寄托僧人对佛教的愿想。”
展览将持续至9月20日。
张柏寒/文
王磊、赵玉亮、张柏寒/图
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
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This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
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During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
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Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
