奇遇:《竹久梦二与丰子恺——近代中日跨界、无界的艺术家考》讲座综述

伴随大雪纷飞,《竹久梦二与丰子恺——近代中日跨界、无界的艺术家考》学术讲座于2015年11月23日在中央美术学院美术馆报告厅展精彩开场,为我们带来洋洋暖意。讲座由余丁教授主持,京都大学名誉教授岩城见一主讲,王云副教授担任翻译。

主持 余丁教授

主讲人岩城见一教授(左) 与翻译王云副教授

近代化中日本绘画观念的转向

1880年京都府画学校成立,绘画专业在当时有东宗(传统大和绘、四条冈山派)、西宗(西洋画)、南宗(南画即文人画)、北宗(雪舟和狩野派和学院派水墨画即北画)的分别。而至1887年东京美术学校成立时,则只设日本画一科,岩城见一教授认为这是冈仓天心和其老师的观念,即日本绘画教学的目标在于创作日本特色的绘画而非学习西方,这是国家意识形态的产物。在近代日本绘画的创作中,诗书画被分割开来,诗被归为文学,书被归为书法,画被归为绘画,画面中没有诗书,所谓正统绘画仅指日本画和西洋画。风格上,一方面日本绘画不能根除东方文人画的影响,另一方面则开始学习西方的透视法等技法并在潜意识里运用,折衷东西方绘画的折衷就是近代日本绘画的最大特点。

竹久梦二的超领域创作
根据岩城见一教授的讲述,在近代日本各个艺术领域彼此独立的大环境中,梦二的创作显得极为特殊,他的工作方式可以说是超越界限的,而且较之专家层面更受大众欢迎。梦二兼具画家、漫画家、平面设计师、插画家、服装设计师、人偶制作者等多重身份,并且学习音律,也创作诗文。例如1914年开设的“港屋”就是专卖梦二商品的商店。在创作中,梦二没有将诗歌与绘画语言与形式等孤立起来,他认为本没有必要。虽然这使得梦二得画作处于非主流地位,但是岩城见一认为这反而能够让他在自己的世界发挥作用。
梦二美人与梦二神话
梦二式美人在当时形成一种流行的审美趣味。岩城见一教授指出,梦二画中的美人手多画的很大,并且常常以侧面或背影出现,尤其值得注意的是女性低沉含蓄飘忽不定的视线永远不会与观众发生直接冲撞,这给人带来联想的快乐,手则更能表现情感。梦二抓住了女孩子的心理,透露出伤感与忧愁。也正是这种联想促进了拥有柔美线条的绘画变为明信片和彩色折纸等魅力无穷的商品。一些研究认为,梦二的美人画有受西方新艺术运动的影响,这从梦二的剪贴簿上粘贴的西方杂志简报可以看出,岩城见一教授对此表示赞同。伴随着西化,梦二的画作中开始展现异国情调。有人指出,当时和服的腰带位置上移,是西方杂志上穿和服的西方模特的样子,梦二吸收这一改变并体现在画中,岩城见一教授称之为文化的反向输入。他认可森口对梦二“缺少都市风情,专注于传统人物,创造了一种新的人物形式”的评价是不含贬义的,意思是梦二的画作内含抒情性,梦二打造的美人观更深入到感情层面,是大正美人的理想人物形象。

梦二的讲义“关于日本画”
概括来说,梦二认为真正的日本画诞生于十六世纪,十五世纪末虽出现狩野等人的画作但并未拜托北画的影响。梦二强调用线,他认为西画是于光中见物,而日本画以心观物,通过线再现,线是画作的灵魂,以心传手,以手传笔。比起存在的事物,梦二说日本画家要表现可能存在的东西和可能发生的动态,如余白、突然断开的树木,日本画的特征在于将一切处于未完成的状态,并向观众承诺未来的完成。岩城见一教授认为梦二所用暗示性的线的技法正于之前所讲的联想性照应。
当丰子恺遇上竹久梦二
当年丰子恺在日本留学时偶然在旧书摊上发现梦二的画集,从此受到影响。丰子恺同样作为一位广泛活跃在文学艺术领域的跨界创作者,与梦二有所异同。相同的地方在于,两者都诗画相融,也喜欢画表现侧面和背面的脸庞,以及余白之美。不同在于,丰子恺没有画过梦二类型的美人画,他更多地吸收梦二创作中那些风俗画、世俗化的成分,也有人认为这反映了他佛教信徒的立场,其画作的社会批判性的更强,岩城见一教授对此赞同。
讲座最后,岩城见一教授为我们大家分享了由竹久梦二填词的歌曲,并提出问题引发我们进一步思考。

文/志愿者编辑部 李慧一
图/全晶


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Article I

This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

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During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

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Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

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According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

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Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

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