2016年11月10日下午，“思想空间”系列学术讲座第一讲——“时间的空间化：改变过去需要什么？”在中央美术学院美术馆举行。
本次讲座由华东师范大学教授、博士生导师、上海纽约大学双聘教授吴冠军先生担任主讲人，以欧陆思想中对于时间的讨论构架起讲述的逻辑线索，展开了一场针对过去的时间如何在被改变与激活的同时打开人类思考空间的精彩论述。
▲ 主讲人 吴冠军教授
讲座伊始，中央美院美术馆学术部主任王春辰教授谈到，本次讲座的内容与刚刚开幕的第三届CAFAM双年展——“空间协商：没想到你是这样的”有着内在联系，对于当代艺术及思想空间的思考有着深入的推动作用。
▲ 中央美院美术馆学术部主任王春辰
过去真的不会改变吗？
“改变过去”在多数人看来为不可实现的梦想，也因此成为了许多科幻电影、小说的题材和内容。但吴冠军教授认为，此类科幻的创作都以“元规则”为叙事前提，具有一定的“作弊”性质。而本次讲座对此问题的讨论将不设立任何的规则前提，仅仅希望将时间与空间拉到人的生命本身上来，从而探索其真正的意味。
以康德将时间纳入“先天的范畴”作为思考动向的开始，吴冠军提到了时间的主体性（体验）与客观性（知识），在康德看来，依靠作为根本范畴的时间，才使“客观知识”成为可能。然而，时间也因其在生活中所常见的体验性“伸缩”而否定了僵硬的客观性，乃至科学领域都以成果对此形成推进，例如出现了某种“能将一小时的长度体验延长至十年”的药物发明，完全打破了时间的客观性。在此，由肯定时间的体验性为前提，“过去”的改变也就具有了可能性。
吴冠军接着谈到，“过去”在本体论层面上呈现为未闭合的状态。杜佩所提出的“视差性裂口”，即“当你转换位置观察同一事物时所遇到的差异或者裂口”将“过去”的改变置于对象本体当中，亦将“视差”本身镶嵌在“过去”之中，“过去”也因此“裂口”而不断地被改变。拉康从精神分析的层面将我们所体验的“过去”划分为“想象”、“符号”与“真实”，“过去”自身不连贯的那些点在不断地“返回”中整个地改变着“过去”。黑格尔则在“绝对反弹”理论中提到，“在返回过去本身中，才产生出我们要返回去的那个地方”。因此，“过去”在自身的不断确认中，发生着认识的改变。
事件与时间
“事件”的出现将“线性时间”打断，并将另一个原本不在“线性时间”内的向度插入现实。“事件”是重新符号化的原点，回望“事件”，理解世界的整个框架与坐标都被激进地改变。因此，“事件”的发生为“过去”的改变提供了契机。在吴冠军看来，“事件”对于“时间”认知的这种作用，是一种不仅在于“事件发生”本身的强大力量。
“事件不是发生在世界内的某事，而是我们观察世界与介入世界的那个框架的一个改变。”——齐泽克
“事件不关涉‘过去’中的进程，而是‘是’的一个全新的展示，一个全新‘过去’的出现。”——海德格尔
“事件是偶然性变成必然性的通道。”——巴迪欧
在此，吴冠军同时还引用了齐泽克与拉康关于“陷入爱情”如何重新定义“过去”的论述，借用一种普遍性的经历体验来增强这种“改变”的确信。在对“事件”的时间性结构的解释中，吴冠军提到，事件回溯性地定义过去，而当下又是被过去所“生产”，因此事件也就不仅定义了一个全新的过去，同时还定义了一个全新的当下。
线性的历史叙事往往是从旧到新的，而从黑格尔主义辩证法来看，新与旧之间存在多个“裂口”，将“过去”连续不断地重新总体化。因此，“事件”具有一种反时间性特质。类似的，在德勒兹对“重复”的思考中也提到：“每一次重复都带出新的变化。变数并非被加进重复之中，而恰恰是重复本身的根本状况，是它的构成性因素。”
“事件”不断改变着我们对于“过去”的认知，那么“客观”地了解过去是否具有可能？吴冠军就此谈到，知识本身会修改它的对象，所谓“了解过去”就已经总是在改变过去。而对于事物本质的探求，则如齐泽克所说的，在探求的“进入”中，所寻找的东西已被主体“随身带入”。
时间的空间化
线性的时间结构呈现为编年时间+“时间终点”，而在对此的超越中，吴冠军一方面提到了德勒兹的“纯粹时间”，即一个我们从未有过的时间，一个空间的而非年代的时间。另一方面，他提到了阿甘本的三维时间结构——一种被程序化、组织化的编年时间+一种被清除目的、程式、规划的弥赛亚时间。弥赛亚时间并不在编年时间之外，而是经“变形性收缩”而形成的一个既内在又超越的向度，在该向度里，过去、未来与当下随时发生收缩性“短路”，击碎控制时间的编年性装置。
在阿甘本看来，弥赛亚时间才是“唯一真实的时间”，是现在对过去的整体“收摄”，而弥赛亚事件就是把从创世纪到当下的所有时间“收射”在“现在”这个点上。弥赛亚向度中的主体重新捕捉过去，并满怀一种紧迫感，例如有的人会在将死的瞬间于记忆中飞快地“走完”其一生。这种“瞬间”在本雅明的描述中是“时间中的小入口，通过它弥赛亚有可能进入。”
柏格森关于时间的空间性也提出了“过去的虚拟向度”：“虚拟”的过去具有多种可能性，并远比“现实”的过去真实，却因“背叛”成为了时间向度中的“幽灵”。返回过去，不是去重新发现过去真实之如是，而是去“启动幽灵”。
打开思考的空间
穿过欧陆思想中关于“时间讨论”的漫长线索，吴冠军教授为我们揭示了“改变过去”的多种可能性，打破了“过去的时间不可改变”的固有认知，也打开了我们新的思考空间。讲座最后，吴冠军教授与现场提问的观众进行了深入的交流，在解答其问题的同时拓展了本次讲座内容对于当前语境的多重意义——传统的文化经验如何被当下重新激活？当下的研究如何将过往的学术成果转化提升？如何让当下与过去发生关系......或许，我们都应向往成为尼采眼中的“超人”：不被当下的一切所定义，并努力使自身有能力打开一个新的视域。
文丨韦娴坤
图丨杨延远
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
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During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
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Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
