2013年5月24日下午两点半，由中央美术学院造型基础部和中央美术学院美术馆共同主办的“认识中央美术学院”系列讲座第三讲在美术馆报告厅举行，此次讲座的主讲人是中央美术学院前任院长靳尚谊先生。讲座主题为“中央美术学院二十世纪八九十年代以来的教学变革”。
中央美术学院造型基础部主任高天雄老师在讲座伊始为大家简单介绍了靳尚谊先生的相关背景资料。他指出，靳尚谊先生在1987年至2001年任中央美术学院院长，这14年是一个十分特殊而关键的时期，因为该时期既要面对文革后反思的继续深化，又要面对西方文化艺术的全面引入。靳尚谊先生冷静地从客观事实出发，完善了徐悲鸿先生创建的中央美术学院教学思想和教学体系。
随后，靳尚谊先生开始了今天的讲座。靳先生指出，改革开放后的八九十年代，对于中央美术学院，乃至整个中国美术界都是一个十分重要的转折时期。靳先生语气颇为沉重地说，1966年至1976年的十年文革对于中国经济和社会的破坏都是极大的。经济方面在改革开放后，遵循着邓小平“以经济建设为中心”的正确方针，得到了恢复和发展。但是文革对人的影响却是深远的，十年间的教学停顿使得有一至两代的人没有学可上，导致的问题不仅仅是有的人没有文化，更重要地是有的人还缺乏道德观念，这些作为文革的“后遗症”至今都对中国的发展起着阻碍的作用。
改革开放以后，中国所面临的是要在一片废墟之上重建的严峻问题，美术领域也是一样的。靳先生强调，认请在这个阶段里起根本作用的教学传统，是“认识中央美术学院”必不可少的一部分。
中央美术学院的教学传统
靳先生指出，中国的“西方式美术学院”都是在辛亥革命以后才出现的，1918年建立的国立北京美术学校（即为后来的北平专科艺术学校）就是典型的一所“西方式美术学院”。当时学校中的专业就仅有中国画和西画两个，西画即油画，可见在中国的美术学院之中，油画是极其重要的一部分。建国以来，由于鲜艳的色彩和写实的技法，油画受到人们的喜爱，从而得到了更为广泛的传播。靳先生认为，要研究美术学院的教学传统，就必须从研究油画入手。
20世纪80年代以来，美术理论领域的争论一直很激烈，既有关于中国画教学的，又有关于油画教学的。关于中国画教学的争论是学术性的，而关于油画教学的争论出发点是“哪条路线才能更好地为中国服务”，实际上是政治性的。靳先生说，油画本身就是一个写实的画种，其抽象美也来源于真实。现今学校中素描和色彩作为基础课程，其实就是为了解决绘画者的能力问题，而这与风格没有关系。靳先生强调，不论哪种风格路线的发展，其实都是需要有写实的基础，所以早期关于油画教学的这种争论实际上是没有意义的，而这样一个事实至今都还有人未能准确认清。
虽然中国引进油画近百年，发展速度极快，但是靳先生指出，认清“油画究竟是什么”是有一个过程的。在这个过程中，中央美术学院自建院以来始终本着重视基础、重视创新的两大基本要求，算是一个能比较全面和深入地了解油画写实基础的重要性，并将其重要性准确传达给学生的学校
20世纪80、90年代中央美术学院的教学结构调整
在20世纪80、90年代，靳先生力排众议，在造型传统深厚的中央美术学院内建立起了设计和建筑专业，这为今天央美的多学科格局奠定了基础。靳先生在讲座之中与大家分享了他当时对于建立新专业的敏锐思考。
靳先生说，他曾在1979年前往德国考察，发现西德的十几所美术学院中设计专业的比重都有所上升，而像法兰克福美术学院则因为没有设计专业，每年报考的人数就越来越少，由此可见设计专业的重要性。
靳先生指出，中央美术学院早先也是有设计传统的，只不过工艺美院在1956年独立了出去，所以央美就变为以造型专业为主导的专门美术院校了。但是到了20世纪90年代，中国进入工业化时期，设计在生产生活中占有越来越重要的地位，就连部分产品出口量都与包装设计等息息相关。于是，在20世纪90年代中期，央美设置了设计专业。
而建筑专业的设立也是极为重要的，靳先生强调，虽然西方大多美术学院没有建筑专业，但是建筑却是西方宗教传统中极为重要的一部分。而且在现代社会中，建筑作为一个大的整体，在很大程度上也影响着内部其他部分的设计风格，因此中央美术学院也建立了建筑专业。
不仅如此，在靳先生的努力下，基础部和工作室也相继建立起来了，这为央美形成现代美术学院的教学格局发挥了重要作用。
中央美术学院的未来走向
在介绍了央美的教学传统和教学格局调整之后，靳先生进一步指出，艺术的发展是与社会需求息息相关的。
油画在中国的发展与西方是不一样的，西方的油画是从无到有一步步发展起来的，而中国的油画是在19世纪末由徐悲鸿等人引进的，一进入就是油画的直接画法，这种画法是缺乏古典基础的。虽然在20世纪50、60年代，写实的基础有所发展，但是很快就在文革时期遭遇了阻碍。改革开放以来，特别是八五思潮的影响下，西方后现代、当代的观念艺术在中国得到了广泛地传播，并为人们所接受。
靳先生强调，在这个过程中，中国的艺术发展实际上跳过了西方现代主义的风格，直接进入了当代艺术的发展阶段。靳先生指出，这其实可以算是文革的“后遗症”之一，因为当代艺术是以“观念”为主导的，而在文革之后，人们压抑许久的情绪需要释放，而观念艺术的形式，例如行为艺术、装置艺术等为艺术家更为直接的表达提供了可能，这与西方在二战之后迅速发展起来的抽象绘画有一定的相似之处。
靳先生接着又谈到，中国现在需要的反而是现代主义绘画。因为，当今中国实际上还处于工业化的起步时期，作为一个人口众多的大国，我们在看到重点城市迅速发展的同时，也不应忽视广大的农村地区。从整体的中国实际出发，中国的高速发展时期已经过去了，现在许多问题则需要一点一点地解决，社会反而需要以现代艺术来构造真正的现代文明。作为央美的学生，也应该学会从急躁的情绪之中冷静下来，改变急功近利的心态，真正稳扎稳打地学习才是应有的态度。
靳先生演讲后，高天雄教授和中央美术学院党委书记高洪都对靳先生的讲座发表了感言。最后讲座在大家十分热烈的掌声之中结束了。
文：艺讯网记者 陈逸斐
图：美术馆 董慧萍 全晶
责任编辑：朱莉
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The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
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The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
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CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
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Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
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Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
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Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
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During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
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Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
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CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
