中央美术学院美术馆藏精品大系
中国现当代素描卷
分卷主编 高高 李伟 李莎
素描是人类造型艺术活动中最早的、最基本的形式。当我们远古的祖先尝试着在洞穴、岩石、陶器上用单一的颜色记录、表现他们对自然世界的视觉印象的时候，人类就发展出一种认识世界的特别方式。
将有色的、立体的对象抽象为单色的、平面的线条，在二维空间上重新构造处于三维空间中的对象，这种发自于人类的沟通和表达需要的行为方式，随着人类文明的不断发展，随着人类对于自身和客观世界认识的不断深入，经过数千年，从一种本能的冲动，逐渐演进为一套以科学为依据的复杂的造型体系。而在这一过程中，随着视觉艺术表现媒介和方式的不断丰富，素描也从最早的绘画形式，逐渐偏重为造型的基础训练或作为草图使用。
吴作人 狮子 1931年
如何去观察对象世界，什么是在观察中能够捕捉到的，如何将观察所见呈现为平面上的图像，怎样“如实”地再现客观对象，这种观察和再现的规律和方法是不是唯一性的，人的情感与理性在这一过程中发挥怎样的作用，两者的比重又是怎样，一直以来，这些都是素描所要解决的基本问题，可能也是每一位艺术家在从艺之初所面临的核心问题。随着艺术理解的不断深入，对这些问题的认识会不断发生变化；而对这些问题的探索和把握的能力，很大程度上又决定着艺术家日后的创作水平。
王式廓 “改造二流子”系列习作 1942年
中央美术学院在百年的美术教育发展中，一贯高度重视素描的基础性作用。中央美术学院的前身国立北京美术学校于1918年建校伊始，就形成了“先打基础、后学专业”的教学模式。1922 年，国立北京美术学校改称为“国立北平美术专门学校”，其中绘画科中的西画系遵循西方教学体系，开设了临摹、平面画法、投影画法、透视画法、素描、色彩等基础课程，并在总课时中占据相当大比例。而中央美术学院的另一个前身，1938年4月于延安创立的鲁迅艺术学院，也对基础课程十分重视。在当时的《美术系专修科目时间支配表》中，可看到素描课在三个学年的课程安排中占据最大比重，共计1020学时。1950年，中央美术学院成立以后，更是明确了素描练习是现实主义造型艺术的基础，是一切美术教学过程中的主要科目。在《中央美术学院1952年度第二学期各系科教学计划》（草）的预科教学计划中，素描、速写和解剖构成了全部基础课程，其中素描的比重最高，占到百分之七十五。1991年中央美术学院《油画系第一画室教学纲要》（手稿）中，再次专门提到了素描的地位与作用：素描是绘画的造型基础，是塑造艺术形象和体现作者思想和个性的重要手段。
李斛 石膏像 1949年
在坚持素描是所有造型训练的前提与核心这一总原则下，随着国家不同的社会历史时期对美术要求的不断变化，也随着美术界自身对国际（首先是欧洲）艺术发展的了解不断深入，眼界不断拓宽，对东西方艺术传统的思考不断丰富，以及随着“艺术”概念外沿的不断扩展，中央美术学院对素描和素描教学的认识也在不断演进，同时也反映了全国艺术高等院校素描实践和教学的整体发展情况，大致可划分为如下几个阶段：
1918年至1949年。在动荡的社会环境下，学校经历合并、拆分、重组、迁移，直到1946年徐悲鸿先生担任国立北平艺术专科学校的校长后，素描教学才逐渐建立体系。这一时期素描教学的目的，主要在于建立一般的立体明暗的意识和初步尝试表达人物。
常玉 鹿速写 20世纪40年代
叶浅予 炕上的老农们 20世纪50年代
1950年至1976年。这一时期的素描教学主要受到两方面的影响：一是徐悲鸿等先生主张素描训练要在尊重客观事物的基础上力求概括提炼，强调塑造形象的统一性，加强造型的表现力，删去繁琐的细节，“以简治繁”“提炼取舍”，在把握对象外形的同时，抓住对象的精神实质，“性格毕现、传神阿睹”。通过细致的观察，概括的表达，眼、手、心相协调，“尽精微”以“致广大”；二是随着50年代中央美院派学生赴苏联学习，以及邀请苏联专家到美院授课，以关注现实真实为核心精神的苏联契斯恰科夫素描教学思想，带来了以“结构”为中心的素描训练方式，注重解剖，要求艺术家有意识地了解对象本身的结构，不只看到轮廓线、明暗交界线，而是意识到在其下面的形体的存在。以上两种素描理论共同发生作用，在反映新中国经济文化全面建设和各族人民各阶层人民新生活的创作需求的激发下，在“艺术为人民服务”的社会主义现实主义的艺术大趋势的推动下，这个时期的素描作品轮廓肯定，转折清晰，各种关系区分明确，现实生活的气氛强烈，造型表达能力迅速提高。与此同时，在全国范围内，对于要不要画模特，要不要画明暗，中国画教学引入素描是有益还是有害等问题，展开了广泛地、多角度地讨论。
薄松年 戴帽男子头像 1952年
靳尚谊 拄棍的老人王大爷 1955年
1977年至2000年。改革开放为中国的艺术界带来了国际艺术领域的多元信息，这其中既包括对于欧洲古典艺术的更多了解，也包括对于印象派以后的西方现代艺术乃至当代艺术的初步接触。在素描教学领域，人们开始反思20世纪五六十年代的素描实践，将眼光看向达·芬奇、丢勒、荷尔拜因、安格尔等欧洲古典素描大师，直接从中吸取营养，同时也从现当代艺术中探索现代素描语言的新可能性，以及艺术家个性的表达。这个时期素描对人体的认识、掌握水平和表现能力普遍提高。同时也出现了对于严谨的素描训练是否仍然重要，是否会对个性培养与抒发造成障碍的讨论。
喻红 大卫石膏像 1984年
刘小东 老人像 1985年
尹朝阳 全身着衣像 1994年
2000年至今。随着“美术”的外延不断延展，21世纪初，中央美术学院增设了设计学院和建筑学院。面对多元的艺术新环境带来的艺术人才新需求，一方面，为了进一步巩固造型类专业共同需要且必须具备的基本能力和全面素质的培养，学院建立基础部，素描基础教学的目标和训练方式更为明确。另一方面，各造型专业和工作室也开设了依据自身方向更具针对性的特色素描训练，如：注重学生自我审美逻辑的培养，提倡造型多样性，锻炼思维转化能力的版画系素描教学；积极利用西方素描形体认识优势，与中国绘画的线造型传统相结合的中国画线性素描教学。与此同时，在设计与建筑专业的基础教学方面，开设了启发和引导学生创造性理解绘画与设计的关系，掌握具象与抽象的造型语言表现规律，注重对物象特征的理解和形态空间分析的设计素描课程；以及训练学生对空间方位的判断、物体视觉容量的调理、思维与心理应变能力，强调逻辑秩序、理解判断和精准表现的建筑素描课程。这些共同构成了当下中央美术学院素描的丰富面貌。
唐勇力 线性素描——老人 2001年
（左图）夏晨曦 家——鸡毛掸子 2017年
（右图）刘威宏 草鞋——封存的记忆 2016年
本卷收录的素描作品主要来自中央美院各院系在各个时期的优秀素描留校作业。此外一部分作品来自艺术家的捐赠，以及学院为丰富学生对艺术面貌的了解所做的购藏。作品基本依照上文的阶段分期进行编排，每一个阶段中的作品又按石膏、人体和人像进行分类。我们希望在一定程度上能够反映中央美术学院百年来素描基础教学的发展变化，以及中国人在不同历史阶段的时代风貌与精神气质。喻红老师曾说过：“如果你喜欢一个画家，一定要看看他的素描，因为素描往往是不经意的、缺乏功利性的、没有经过矫饰的文本，你可以读出画者的心境和气息。”
以上内容为《中央美术学院美术馆藏精品大系·中国现当代素描卷》前言 高高撰，略有删节。
| 图书 |
《中央美术学院美术馆藏精品大系·中国现当代素描卷》
主编 高高 李伟 李莎
书中所附相关研究（目录）
《素描要讲表现》 韦启美
《谈速写》 吴作人
《素描——王华祥反向教学系统》 王华祥
《设计素描——作为形态分析与造型训练的手段》 周至禹
作品图来自中央美院美术馆|书籍图片来自上海书画出版社
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
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Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
