巫鸿:全球视野中的美术史研究——变动的格局与未来的展望

(文章整理自巫鸿教授于2017年11月在第11届中国高等院校美术史学年会发表的专题演讲:“全球视野中观察中国美术史研究的现状和发展趋势”。)

 

首先我希望祝贺中央美术学院美术史学科创立60周年。作为本科和硕士班的两次校友,我为母校所取得的成绩欣喜,也衷心感谢所有的老师们——包括我自己的老师直到现在的教员——为母校和美术史学科做出的贡献。

 

我也希望祝贺“美术史在中国——中央美术学院美术史学科创立60周年国际学术研讨会暨第11届中国高等院校美术史年会”的召开!这个系列会议从2007年的创始到现在已经走过了10年的历程。虽然这是我第一次参加这个年会,但我一直在关注每年的议程、报告论题和参加的学者。因为在我看来,一个学科进步的标志并不仅仅是著作,更重要的是它的教育体系、研究和出版机制、交流和讨论渠道,以及与其它学科之间的合作关系。与简称为CAA的美国“高校艺术协会” (College Art Association)年会一样,本届全国美术史学年会反映了中国美术史界在这些方面的发展。我常说历史研究者总是在书写两种历史,一是作为研究对象的过去的历史,二是身在其中的史学史。今年的美术史年会尤其明显地立足于这两个历史的交接点上。不论是中央美院美术史学科的60年,还是全国高校美术史学年会的10年,都反映出美术史作为一个学科在中国从无到有,不断发展壮大的过程。

 

这就把我带到今天要讲的题目,全球视野中的美术史研究——主要是中国美术史研究——的现状和发展趋向。这当然是一个非常大的题目,本身就是一个需要仔细研究、仔细讨论的问题,不是一个或几个讲话能够解释清楚的。但我想在这里提出一些个人的看法,希望能够引起一些反思和讨论。

 

为什么要在“全球视野”中讨论中国美术史研究呢?理由很简单:即作为学科的中国美术史从其创建起就已经是全球性的了。这当然不是说中国人在这以前没有做过独立的美术史研究,我们都知道中国古代有非常丰富的书画史籍,但这种著述与现代意义上的学科并不相同,这一点大家也都是了解的。这种前现代学术与现代学科的分野在世界上很多文化传统中都存在,即便在美术史学科的发源地欧洲也是如此。众所周知瓦萨利在16世纪写的《艺苑名人传》是欧洲美术史中的一部重要著作,但学者们公认作为学科的美术史则是从18世纪中期才开始的,以温克尔曼的《古代艺术史》作为重要标志,其原因在于他提出了美术史研究的方法论,提出了艺术风格延续发展的问题;美术史与古典学、考古学、哲学在这个时期也都发生了学科意义上的互动。

 

在温克尔曼以后的百多年中,欧洲的美术史可以说还是一个地区内部的学科,主要关心的是欧洲自身的艺术渊源和艺术理想,与欧洲以外的艺术知识即使发生关系但也不是紧密联系。但是随着西方向全球的扩张,特别是通过东方主义的流行以及殖民主义和帝国主义的早期全球化过程,美术史的研究和艺术品的收藏开始迅速地国际化,这表现在两个方面。一是西方建立了全球性的美术收藏,早期的主要代表是大英博物馆,大英博物馆在19世纪内进行了重要扩张,建立了包括亚洲在内的非西方艺术的收藏和展示。美国的美术馆建设稍晚一步,但也因此更为全球化,每个大城市里都建立了“百科全书式”的美术馆,收藏和展示世界各地的艺术品。这个变化进而刺激了学术上的兴趣,一些研究东方艺术的学者开始出现。但是他们的研究并没有对美术史学科本身——它的基本概念、方法和前提——造成值得一书的影响。他们对非西方艺术的分析很少反思欧洲美术史的观念和标准,对非西方艺术形式的评述往往停留在一种宽泛的比较之上,对非西方艺术传统的看法也多具有简单化、本质化(essencializing)和非历史化的倾向。

 

美术史的全球化过程同时也在欧洲之外的地区发生。其中一些地区和国家——特别是如中国这样的文化古国——原来也拥有丰富的艺术史写作,但此时接受了西方启蒙主义观念和民族国家模式,开始发展现代的政治、经济、文化和学术构架。在这个过程中,欧洲的艺术史书写提供了一种主导性的“现代模式”,包括艺术形式的分类和以进化论为基础的历史叙事方式。这个过程不仅是西方和非西方两个板块之间的互动,也包括了地区内部和其它方向上的影响,如日本和前苏联对中国美术史研究的影响即属于这种第二层次上的学科全球化。

 

但是从世界角度来看,从19世纪到20世纪逐渐形成的一个格局是:西方拥有全球美术的收藏因此在全球美术史研究中执牛耳;但从思想和观念上说西方美术史研究并没有受到重大的外来冲击。虽然欧美学者对于自身的艺术传统做出了许多博大精深的研究,但从整体上看仍然建筑在地域性美术的材料和经验之上。而非西方国家一般不具备深厚的全球美术收藏和研究,主要着重于打造自身的艺术史。但是由于这些地区性的学术研究在分析方法和叙事结构上接受了西方艺术史的理论概念,因此在学理上反而是更为全球性的。换言之,提供了“普世”模式的欧洲美术史在实质上持续着封闭的地方性思维方式,而采用了外来系统的非西方地域性美术史在本质上却是更为全球性的。

 

这看起来像是一个悖论,但实际上解释了20世纪美术史发展的一个总的趋向,即撰写以国家和地区艺术传统为核心的线性历史,成为美术史研究和写作的基本形式。其结果是从东到西,从北到南,各个国家都或多或少地建立了自己的美术史叙事,有的甚至出现了多种版本。但它们的基本概念和结构则大致相同,多以年代学为主轴,围绕绘画、雕塑、建筑、工艺等门类展开。许多来自欧洲美术史的概念,如风格、图像、模仿、再现、画派、艺术运动等等,都成为地域性美术史的共享因素。其结果是美术史显示为以国家和地区为基础的一系列线性美术史,所谓的“世界美术史”实际上是这些线性历史的平行综合。这种架构在“百科全书式”西方美术馆和大学美术史系中表现的非常清晰。

 

我们或可以把这种格局看做是美术史研究在20世纪中全球化的成果。下面我会谈到这个格局存在着的一些问题和缺陷。但在进行此种反思之前,我希望强调这种初期的学科全球化对于美术史的进一步发展具有极其重大的意义。首先,这个过程对“美术”做了一个普世的定义,导致地区性美术史研究在范围上进行了极大扩展。以中国为例,传统文化对视觉艺术的理解相当狭窄,基本上限定于绘画和书法两项。雕塑和建筑不作为专门的艺术门类,因此也没有雕塑家和建筑师的概念。铜器与石刻或作为金石学的对象或作为“古玩”来收藏赏鉴。宗教主题作品除名家手笔之外不进入艺术的领域。从社会学的角度看,传统书画研究主要注目于文人和宫廷的作品,对其它范围中的画作——如商业画和公共绘画等——少有注视和陈述。

 

现代美术史的建立完全改变了这个局面,在与国际展览、收藏及学术活动的互动中,青铜器、画像石、佛教造像、石窟寺、建筑等形式都逐渐纳入了美术史的观察和研究领域,有的甚至成为中国美术史的大宗。同时美术史也与其它学科建立了越来越密切的关系,例如20世纪上叶值得大书特书的事件,包括安阳发掘和对商代文明的探讨、敦煌石窟的调查与敦煌学的建立、古代建筑史研究对西方美术史模式的采用等。另一重要的发展是对于中国之外的艺术传统开始进行系统的翻译和研究,范围主要是欧洲古代和近现代美术、日本美术、印度美术、苏俄美术等。中央美院美术史系创始时就已显示出这种全球和跨学科的构架。记得我在1963年进入这个系的时候,所学的课程包括中国美术史、美术史籍概论、世界美术史、考古学、美术理论。这种学科架构与传统以鉴定为主、以师徒传授为主要方式的学习方式截然不同。

 

以上我总结了一下以欧洲美术史为模式书写地域性美术史的早期全球化模式。这种模式的主要问题在哪里呢?这当然牵涉到许多更大的问题,包括对现代学科和普世价值的整体批判。我在这里就事论事,简单地对美术史的操作提出两点。

 

首先,“普世”的美术史模式以及所涵盖的许多基本概念并不是从本地的美术史材料中提炼出来的,对于学术研究而言,它应该是有待证明的设论而不应是先验的标准和固定的框架。但实际发生的情况并非如此,常常出现的情况是本地美术史叙事被所根据的模式规定和限制。这种现象在一些较早的著作中更为明显。比如滕固是建立现代中国美术史研究的一位重要人物。他早年留学德国柏林大学,1932年获美术史学博士。当国立北平艺专和国立杭州艺专于1938年合并成立昆明国立艺术专科学校时他出任了校长。在解释汉代画像时,他根据沃尔夫林的形式主义理论提出“拟绘画”和“拟浮雕”的风格划分,在《中国美术小史》中他以希腊艺术的进化模式解释中国美术的发展,在《唐宋绘画史》中他引用“移情说”阐释古代绘画。这些看法在当时都相当具有新意,他因此也被一些评论者称为是“中国现代艺术史学的奠基者”。但实际上这些解释基本上是通过理论的“移植”,而非通过对材料的详尽占有和分析总结出来的,与所跟据的西方学术著作在原创性和缜密性上都有明显差别。

 

对美术史研究影响更大的例子还包括使用摩尔根的“图腾”理论解释商周青铜器纹样,使用社会进化论将美术的发展进行宏大的分期,等等,都属于对外来理论的简单的接受和套用,在对历史材料和环境的详细分析之下往往站不住脚或显得大而无当,因此现在已经很少人这样提了。

 

线性地域美术史模式的另一个问题是挥之不去的“西方中心”症结。之所以挥之不去的原因有许多。从根底上说,现代美术史的学科模式来源于欧洲。即使各地区的美术史研究处理的是本地的材料,但在基本立论和观念上常常是随着欧洲美术史中提出的问题在走。而且,西方在建立“百科全书式”全球美术馆的同时,也开始越来越多的关心非西方美术的研究和教学。早期研究东方美术的学者往往是从欧洲美术史“改行”过来的,其知识背景决定了所使用的观念和方法,而他们的著作进而影响了非西方国家学者对本地美术史的书写。此外,西方推出的规模庞大、具有权威性的“世界美术史”——如现在仍然畅销的《詹森艺术史》和《加德纳世界艺术通史》——明确无误地把欧美艺术作为绝对中心。虽然这些书综合了多个线性地域美术史,但欧美之外的地区或被压缩或被合并,甚至难以成为“历史”。值得注意的是这类书籍在中国这样的非西方国家中仍被作为基本教材推销和使用,实际上帮助了美术史中西方中心观念的继续推行。

 

这些问题都可以说是历史造成的问题,放在19和20世纪的全球历史环境中去考虑,可以说是不可避免的。使我们对未来有信心的是,在过去的二、三十年中,中国美术史的研究在中国和西方都发生了很大的变化,学者们对以上提到的这些问题有了越来越强的自觉认识并开始进行矫正。

 

在国外,历史学在上世纪70和80年代的整体发展带动了美术史研究的一个深刻变化,从建筑于“普世”观念上的形式分析转移到对艺术创作的具体历史分析,包括艺术品的创作、需求、功能、观看、流通、展示、收藏等方面。在这个转移中艺术史也和历史学、人类学、社会学、文学、甚至经济学建立了密切联系,这些学科也越来越多地使用非文字性材料,包括美术馆的收藏和档案。这类新型美术史研究中很大一批属于对各种“原境”(contexts)的重构和阐释。“Context”一词在文学批评中翻译成“上下文”,体现出文本的线性状态。但是用在人类学和美术史中,这个概念具有更为强烈的空间和现场的含义。原境概念的流行因此反映出以进化论为模式的线性美术史向重构具体历史情境的空间性美术史的移动。这个移动具有深刻的意义,可说是为美术史的“去西方中心化”奠定了基础。

 

与此相应,美术史学者的专业要求也发生了重大变化,除了艺术史的知识以外还需要对古代语言、历史和其它有关领域具有相当专业的知识和研究能力。新一代的西方中国美术史学家在这个学术环境中产生并建立了自己的学术地位,佼佼者如高居翰、苏立文、班宗华、梁庄艾伦、范德本等人。他们对中国艺术的研究深入到思想、政治、文化等领域,自觉地与前一代学者拉开距离。中国出生的美术史学家的参与更增加了一个新的维度。以方闻和李铸晋为代表,这些学者在中西两个系统中接受美术史训练,之后在西方的博物馆和大学中工作。他们的教育和学术研究常涉及到一种双重的比较过程。首先,他们自然而然地将以往接受的艺术史教育与新的环境相互衔接。在这个新环境中,无论是在展览场所里还是在艺术史研究方法论的层面上,非西方艺术与其他艺术传统都共存于一个跨国架构之中。其次,使用英语讨论中国绘画和书法,这些中国艺术史家的写作实践提供了“跨语际”(translingual)学术的一些例子。还需要提到的是,人类学界的张光直先生和吉德炜(David Keitghley)等人也在1980年后写作了与中国古代美术有关的重要文章,反映出美术史在整体人文社会学科中不断扩大的影响。

 

在中国国内,以我个人的观察,美术史研究经过文革之后的一段调整,从90年代,特别是在新世纪开始后,进入了一个飞速发展的时期。在这个时期之前和刚刚开始的时候,中国学界对于西方的中国美术史研究处于一种了解和学习的阶段,西方专家来中国讲学也还带有某种“传教士”味道,难以说是平等的交流。但这个情况很快地发生了变化。越来越多的学术活动、访问和翻译,使国内学者以参与者的身份进入国际上的中国美术史研究。

 

1999年到2001年,我主持的《汉唐之间的艺术与考古》是这一时期的国际学术活动之一。这个项目有60余名学者参加并出版了三卷文集,其中包括美院的金维诺、罗世平等先生。在翻译和介绍上看,尹吉男先生主编的“开放的艺术史丛书”越来越及时把西方中国美术史研究的近期成果介绍到国内。我说“越来越及时”是因为这其中也包括一个过程。如我的《武梁祠》是10年之后以中文面世,但2010年《黄泉下的美术》则基本上是中英文同时出版,大致取消了时间差。近十年中,越来越多的中国学者和学生去欧美和日本访问、进修和学习。国内美术史研究的水平也迅速提高,其反映为每年都有相当数量的高质量的论文和书籍出现。这些著作资料详实,在研究方法上参考和吸收了国外中国美术史研究的方法和成果。此外,国内美术史研究的覆盖面也在不断扩充,除了古代艺术中的新方向外也开始包括视觉文化、摄影、传媒和对现当代艺术的研究。其结果是——在我看来——目前在中国美术史这个领域内已经不存在明显的“西方方式”和“中国方式”的分野。不同地区的学术特点和侧重当然会永远存在,但相互了解与合作已经成为这个领域中的主要格局。

 

我们目前面对的最主要问题,因此不再是中国美术史研究中的“东西关系”的问题——这个问题在最近的十几、二十年中已经得到不断的解决。而是更广义的地域性美术史与全球美术史的关系问题,在我看来目前还没有找到适当的解决方式。上面说到美术史的早期全球化造成了西方中心的状态。这不但是非西方国家美术史家深有所感的问题,也是在西方工作的美术史家越来越关心的一个问题。

 

作为解决方式,西方大学的美术史系在过去一些年中不断增加了非西方美术的教学领域和教员位置,展览、出版和研究基金等各方面也都进行了相应的调整。我感到这些扩展是绝对必要的,而且需要进一部扩大。但同时也认为绝对的平衡是不可能的:我们无法想象欧美大学中研究非西方艺术的专家和研究西方艺术的专家数量相同,就像我们无法想象中国大学中研究外国美术史的教职与研究中国美术史的教职数量相同。出于明显而合理的原因,每个国家自然会专注于自己国家的文化传统,不同学校也会有各自的专长。我所考虑的不是这种表面的、数量的平衡,而是如何达到更深的学理上和史学观念上的平等。在我看来这是美术史全球化在第二个和更高级阶段中的任务,也就是21世纪中的任务。

 

目前有不少西方美术史家认为全球语境中的平等史学观念已经成为一个可以争取的理想。一些人认为实现这个理想的方式是撰写新型的全球艺术史,通过扫除文化偏见、反思和扬弃西方传统观念打造不以地域分界的新的美术史叙事。大卫·萨默斯的《多元真实空间》、托马斯·考夫曼的《通向艺术地理学》等书代表了这类尝试。但正如雅希·埃尔斯纳不久前在北京的一次讲话中提出的,他认为这种做法仍难以跳出以“普世性”思考艺术史的框架,欧洲中心主义的惯性思维仍不可避免地隐藏其中。我对此有同感,但认为这类著作仍代表了积极的实验性努力;其重要性不在于是否能够马上提供一个大家都能够使用的全新的美术史模式,而在于由于进行这些努力而开拓的不断扩大的讨论空间。

 

作为一个处理具体材料的历史研究者,我感到最终能够改变“西方中心”格局、建立全球性美术史的途径不是以抽象思维的方式推演出一套理论话语,而是通过对于历史作品和话语的具体分析,从中提炼出多元性的美术史概念和叙事方式。个中道理非常简单:欧洲美术史的理论方法论都是从分析欧洲艺术的基础上获得的,如果我们希望将理论方法论的范围扩大到全球的话,那么就必须从欧洲之外的艺术作品和历史文献出发,在各种地域美术传统之间的持续对话中产生这些理论方法论。

 

这种设想不是虚构的,而是有着明确的必要性和可能性。就以中国美术来说,很多艺术形式都是相当独特的,代表了与欧洲美术相当不同的逻辑和发展线索。在不久前由三联书店出版的一本讲演集中,我举出了四个这种形式,一是以玉器和青铜器为代表的古代“礼器”、二是持续了几千年的墓葬艺术、三是结合了时间和空间的手卷画、四是具有深厚人文内涵的山水画。其它可以大书特书的还很多,如绘画和书法中的笔墨、石窟作为一种特殊的绘画、雕塑、建筑和观想方式的综合,以及木构建筑的特殊时间性和纪念碑性,等等。如果能够把这些非常辉煌的艺术传统在史学层次上研究透彻并在理论层次上加以升华,一定可以提出一系列带有本质性的问题,如现行的艺术分类是否符合中国的历史情况?视觉性和再现观念是否需要重新定义?政治权威和历史记忆、宗教和哲学概念如何以多种方式内化于艺术表现?甚至美术分析中使用的基本术语,如“画面”、“笔触”、“空间”、“构图”等也都可以被重新思考和定义。

但我希望看到的并不是由中国美术史家独立地去开拓这些领域——我们已经在这样做了。我所向往的状态是在全球美术史的语境中去实现对地域艺术传统的进一步研究和提炼。这意味着我们需要向世界解说中国艺术,但这种解说不是去做国际普及或“扫盲”之类的工作。理想的机制是一方面持续高水平的专业研究工作,一方面建立与其他领域美术史家的对话渠道和进行深度的学术交流,通过不同地区的个案研究对美术史基本概念进行反思。我在此处设想的,因此不是提出一个个人化的全球美术理论体系,更不是以“中国中心”的格局代替“欧美中心”的格局,而是建立一种学术交流和学术生产的机制,通过这种机制逐渐促成美术史中的多元性的全球视野。

 

这里我可以介绍一个例子:在过去的5、6年中,我所在的芝加哥大学美术史系创立了一个由不同地区美术史的专家参加的“全球古代美术”项目(Global Ancient Art, or GAA),每年围绕一个专题进行跨地域的研究。开始时有研究古希腊、罗马美术、早期基督教美术、美洲玛雅美术和古代中国美术的四位教授参加,现在已经增加到7位。参与者每年共同选择一个主题,围绕这个主题各自研究,然后在年度会议中提出报告并进行讨论,最后结集发表。过去五年中做过的主题包括:古代美术中的“不可视性” (invisibility),古代美术中的“容器”(vessel),古代美术中的“尺度”(scale),古代美术与“祭祀”(sacrifice),和两周前举行的“古代美术中的风景(或山水)”。每篇报告并不必需对不同艺术传统进行直接比较,但是整个项目的实施过程,包括开始的选题和随后的报告、讨论和出版,把多元地域的美术史研究连接入一个研究框架,在这个过程中相互启发,引出新的想法甚至理论。关键的一点是:不论是研究欧洲、亚洲或是美洲艺术的参加者,彼此的关系完全是平等的,完全从各自的材料和历史原境出发。在这些对话中,中国古代艺术对一些题目,比如“不可视性”和“容器”,马上显示出材料的特殊丰富性和进行深度理论反思的可能性。而希腊化时期和罗马的风景画如此成熟,也使与会者重新思考山水艺术在全球语境中的发展过程和意义。

 

这个项目虽然不大,但在我看来提供了一种新的学科交流模式,其意义在于建立美术史研究中的一个三维架构。在这个架构中,“纵向”的地域艺术史与“横向”的全球艺术史相互连接。在不抛弃既有的地域艺术史的前提下,这一结构有望建立跨地域的纽带,打破线性历史的闭关自守,并逐渐改造教学和研究的架构。(比如说我所在的系已经开始设想在原有的线性地区美术史专业之外,设立如“全球古代美术”、“全球建筑史”、“全球宗教美术”、“全球当代艺术”这样的专业组群。教员和学生可以同时加入这两个维度。)这些做法的基本目的就是如上面说的,通过对具体历史作品的研究和分析,提炼出多元性的美术史概念和叙事方式,最终改变历史遗留下来的西方中心的美术史知识架构。

 

这个过渡必然是长期的,绝对不是一个或几个“工程”能够实现的。但历史研究本身就是漫长的过程,改变人们的历史观念是一个更为漫长的过程。颇有意味的是,在我有限的经验中,我发现非西方美术史家的知识结构使其在这种跨地域讨论中处于领先地位。这似乎不容易理解,但实际上有着历史的必然性。非西方美术史学者在学校里都学习过欧洲美术史,对西方美术史中的重要著作和理论往往有相当程度的了解。中国现在对西方美术史名著的大规模翻译更是在世界上闻所未闻。相对而言,西方美术史家对非西方美术的了解程度要低的多,并且常常出现由此产生的对进入对话的犹豫。这意味着在建立新型美术史全球格局的过程中,非西方美术史学者可以而且应该更为主动地参与,发挥自己的所长,同时把对世界美术的兴趣从往昔的名著扩展到目前正在发生的美术史事件和动向中去。

 

我今天的讲话就到这里。谢谢。

 

 

(来源:中央美术学院人文学院)


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This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

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Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.

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Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.

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During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

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Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement

According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

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CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement

I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.

CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer

Article I

This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

Article II

Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.

Article III

Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.

Article IV

Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.

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During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

Article VI

Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement

According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Group Visit Agreement
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CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement

I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.

CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer

Article I

This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

Article II

Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.

Article III

Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.

Article IV

Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.

Article V

During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

Article VI

Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement

According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Event Booking Form

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Reminder:

Hello! Thank you for participating in our public education event and we are looking forward to seeing you! If you cannot attend the event on time, please send a text message to 13261936837 (Liang) to cancel the booking. Please be aware that your eligibility for using the quick booking may be affected If you cancel the booking more than three times. Thank you for your understanding!
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