我们要做的不过是睁开我们的眼睛，离开形而上学的黑暗世界，离开虚构的“内心世界”的深度，这样，我们就会立即发现日常生活的最平凡事实里所包含的人类财富。正如黑格尔所说“熟悉未必真知”。让我们进一步讲，正是在最熟悉的事物里未知最多一未知不等于神秘，最丰富的生活内容依然在我们空白的、昏暗的意识之外，它们被冒充的生活内容所替代，充斥着纯粹理性的形式，充斥着神话和它们梦幻的诗句。
—— 列斐伏尔 《日常生活批判》
第一卷，122页
近期在中央美术学院美术馆展出的雷安德罗·埃利希（Leandro Erlich）的个展——《太虚之境》，囊括了艺术家25年创作历程的20件大型互动装置艺术作品，以艺术家与美术馆合作的形式，引导公众对于“日常生活”、空间和镜像等进行观看与省思，其中颇有些值得讨论与借镜之处。
01 剥除矫饰的展览
曾几何时，美术馆和当代艺术被打上了“精英文化”的印记，这里似乎充斥着各种高深莫测的普通人看不懂的各种奇思妙想和“怪奇之物”。有趣的是，尽管可能存在着几乎同样程度的学科理解障碍，人们几乎不会将科技馆或者航天科技博物馆等视为是精英主义的渊薮，仍然视之为全民参与的文化机构。近年来，随着国民教育水平的提高，走进美术馆的人群越来越多，但是和博物馆与科技馆的全民参与度相比，美术馆显然远远不及，尤为尴尬的是，在参观当代艺术展览时，人们还是会经常产生“看不懂当代艺术”这样的困惑。
为此，美术馆人在学术性和专业性追求之外，越来越多地思考如何让普通观众走进美术馆以及如何让当代艺术走进公众生活的问题，“参与”“可亲近”与“互动”成为了美术馆人关心的问题。如何让美术馆逐渐成为公众参与度较高的文化机构？如何循序渐进地拉近它与普通人之间的距离？是否能够以可亲近可触摸的方式使人自然地走近艺术作品?
近年来，“浸入式”“互动”参与类作品和展览成为吸引观众的“神器”，但是也潜藏着很大的危险，在图像消费时代和眼球经济情境下，一丝偏移，毫厘之差，展览便可能由对艺术的严肃探索滑落为媚俗和哗众取宠。技术手段关涉到美术馆的技术伦理和方法论的讨论与权衡，在这一点上，就像对于公众参与度和可亲近性同样充满热情的阿根廷艺术家雷安德罗·埃利希的作品，正如他所说，“我想消除作品的‘边界’。让观众看不到作品本身的轮廓，也不会感受到自己是在一件艺术作品中，而是真正地处于一种环境和空间里”，表达了消融当代艺术界的学科壁垒的尝试，剥除过度理性包裹甚或是异化的日常生活的的矫饰，赋予普通观众一种重新观照的信心与方法。
02 为什么是雷安德罗·埃利希？
雷安德罗·埃利希，《建筑》（2004年）
法国巴黎104艺术中心展出现场（2011）
喷绘，灯，铁，木和镜子
6 x 8 x 12 m
©雷安德罗·埃利希工作室
从两件作品讲起，一是《建筑》，这件作品诞生于2004年的“巴黎不眠夜”。2002年起，在巴黎市长的提议下，“巴黎不眠夜”活动诞生，此后每年固定有一晚，巴黎所有博物馆和公共机构都会彻夜开放，市政府邀请各界艺术家在街头和公共机构空间里创作或安置艺术品，人们拿着活动指南手册，三五成群走街串巷，寻找隐藏在街头巷尾的装置、光影艺术品，观看艺术表演。如何让50万巴黎市民都看到呢？“开放”和“互动”成了埃利希最首要考虑的事情“。（张星云，《雷安德罗·埃利希，“无限”的限制》）
最终出现在巴黎街头的是一件利用视错觉制造“反重力”效果的作品，一个巨大的地板制作的等比例复制门、窗、阳台的巴黎典型的奥斯曼建筑外立面，观众们在旁边的大镜子可以发现自己轻松实现“飞檐走壁”的镜像。“颠覆常态”、建筑图像和反转镜像，超现实空间被想象力和视错觉复现，现实被扭曲和反转，技术简单，想象力显示出了非凡的潜力。
《建筑》，中央美术学院美术馆展览现场
这件作品大获成功并在全球巡展，先后在英国、澳大利亚、日本、阿根廷等地再造展出，这次展出的并非是北京的街头建筑，而是唐人街的经典商店标志，其地点错置寓意颇丰。唐人街建筑代表中国人和中华文化在世界的迁移和播撒，同时它在外国人和中国人眼中均呈现出某种程度的陌生感，它因被凝视而呈现微观光式存在之物，折射出不同族群的人类的迁徙和聚集以及因文化和习俗形成的“异质性”，使人思考全球化带来的文明交流中交互的眼光，以及在彼此的眼光中成为被观看的存在，尤其是联想到东方民族被长期视为凝视性存在的近代历史。形式轻松与近乎游戏般的体验背后，不同的观看者可以从各自视角触发不同层面的思考。
《游泳池》，中央美术学院美术馆展览现场
另外一件是《游泳池》，这件雷安德罗·埃利希在20年前参加49届威尼斯双年展获得盛誉的作品被再度复现。仿若悬空的玻璃池底的游泳池把水面的蔚蓝投向之下的空间，使之出现了水波粼粼的幻象，同时给底部仰视与在上方俯视的观察者彼此对视的机会，似乎皆在泳池之中的视错觉，彼此嵌入对方的景观之中，在儿童般游戏的体验中感知莫大的幻象（展览标题英文版的GREAT VOID似乎意指于此），天真的，单纯的，制造幻象同时幽默地戳破，醍醐灌顶，面对世界制造给我们的无数幻象与虚空（展览题目中的GREAT VOID）开始是奇思妙想的建筑空间设计，天真而童趣，结果却引至思考——究竟什么是真相？我们究竟曾经多少次轻信幻象？如果说视而不见听而不闻是一种通常的景象，那么面对海量视觉图像与声音信息，以及当下传播的新闻事件和对于历史的记录与描述，我们观看、阅读与聆听，是否还能够再不加辨识地相信“有图有真相”？后真相时代的媒体战争、流量为王和水军使我们亲身体验所谓真相的幻灭。然而，是否有一种力量能够引导我们超越人类纪和人类中心主义的虚假信息和虚妄幻灭呢？同样是《游泳池》，以其蔚蓝的想象力提示我们想起一百年前法国先贤雨果的浪漫主义的宣言，“比海洋更广阔的是天空，比天空更广阔的是人类的心灵”（雨果），惟有心灵能够“以无限反抗限制”（埃利希）。
《游泳池》，中央美术学院美术馆展览现场
回应开头的诸多疑问，思考也许应该以埃里希的《云》作结。借助光学技术制造图像和体量感，名为《云》，是灵感的云抑或是印象的云，揭示着世界的差序格局，物理形态的云和认知的云或者是被记录复刻成图像的云，在人类的理念世界存在着等级差异和存在屏障，无论是历史上的降序排列还是今天在图像时代的升序排列，被艺术家引至返朴归真的思考，观察物象制造材料与方法，观察背后的观念制造——“恍兮惚兮，其中有象”（老子）。
《云》，中央美术学院美术馆展览现场
在中央美术学院美术馆里发生的“太虚之境”展览，也许正像德国哲学家雅思贝尔斯曾经说过的那样，“一棵树摇动另一棵树，一朵云推动另一朵云，一个灵魂唤醒另一个灵魂”，他谈论的并非是“不立文字，以心传心”的神秘主义，而是教育和启迪，努力消融壁垒，了无痕迹地引导与启迪，对于“精英文化”机构的消解与革故鼎新，营造可亲近、可分享的艺术氛围。
《云》，中央美术学院美术馆展览现场
这个夏天，一次“事先张扬的”但却没有硝烟的、大众普遍参与的美术馆与当代艺术家的联合行动——“美术馆2.0”的业态升级——静悄悄地开始了。
展览现场
文/闫冰（中央美术学院美术馆学博士）
编/吴靖
图/李标
部分live图来源于网络
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
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This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
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During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
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Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
