严密的学科分类法面对日益抽象的社会问题似乎越来越束手无策。一系列新问题的解决有赖于研究者们走出各自为营的学术堡垒，消除文化上的劳动分工，以跨学科作为手段进行知识生产工作。与此同时，当代艺术的边界日趋模糊，来自不同领域、地域、数量飞速增长的参与者在艺术世界来去自由，促使艺术批评投入全新的智力讨论。
此次“跨学科写作计划”将艺术家雷安德罗·埃利希在中央美术学院美术馆的个展“太虚之境”作为首次写作对象，邀请到来自学院内外的研究者、工作者，从艺术家的创作实践出发，以各自的学科研究视角开展讨论，以期跨越艺术批评的范畴，进⼀步延展至⼈文与社会科学的相关领域，为观者拓宽观察艺术的不同视角，尝试以交叉学科的方法，介入对当代艺术问题的讨论之中。
《连根拔起的房子》，2019，中央美术学院美术馆展览现场
美术馆的入口旁，一辆吊车正将一栋底部布满根茎的住宅从地面“拔起”，悬于高空之上。雷安的这件作品2015年首次展出于卡尔斯鲁厄电车系统修建的工地上方，在周围的房屋及作业氛围的映衬下，作品以一种不可思议的方式融入了所在环境——似乎在“拔地而起”的前一秒它正以有机的方式与其他建筑一同生长于这片土地。艺术家长期关注作品在特定展出环境中的意义，因此从德国的街区转移到中国的美术馆，住宅也转变为传统中式建筑的样貌。
《窗与梯——依靠历史》，2019，中央美术学院美术馆展览现场
这幢根须交错的住宅使用与美术馆建筑相似的青灰色，被并置于美术馆西侧的广场，似乎也正向即将观看展览的观众发出“危险”的信号：艺术家正在试图撬动庞大而坚固的美术馆殿堂。
《教室》，2019，中央美术学院美术馆展览现场
在福柯的哲学体系中，“异托邦”为较少被阐释，却鲜明体现其空间理论特殊之处的概念。它聚焦差异性，强调真实存在于日常之中却具有颠覆性的空间，作为“被有效实现的乌托邦”充斥在我们的生活周围，不断出现又消失。博物馆与美术馆皆属于福柯意义上的“异托邦”，因其能够包容不同的历史片段，在隔离空间的同时呈现相异的时间关系，同时并置彼此矛盾的场合。观众在不同时代的作品间穿梭，便也获得了体验超越时间范畴的可能性。不同时代及文化影响下生成的“异托邦”所发挥的作用与形式彼此相异，而呈现其异质特征所依赖的规则也不尽相同。在美术馆塑造“异托邦”的逻辑之上，作为第一位使用央美美术馆全部展览空间的外籍艺术家，雷安带着自己编写的“异托邦”程序闯入展厅，利用其艺术语言使整个美术馆翻转为由自我设定的全新空间。
《游泳池》，2019 ，中央美术学院美术馆展览现场
显然，雷安松动了传统美术馆“异托邦”的权力结构与运行规则。首先艺术家不再局限于现成品的使用，甚至将美发厅、教室、街区等日常生活中的“地点”以特殊的形态直接带入美术馆之中；同时，这些景观并非单纯存在于美术馆中的真实或虚拟世界，而是在真实与虚幻的相互关系之中得以完整，并且带来了超乎寻常的直观体验：通过双重空间的配合，观众可以在雷安的展览中稳健的停留于建筑侧立面、悬挂于旋转楼梯边缘、步行于游泳池底。现实的规则在互动中形成多样化的幻觉效果，不同的空间碎片相互排斥、共存。这些佯装而成的“日常空间”对美术馆“异托邦”的大体量入侵以及作品特殊的构建要求，看似拉近了美术馆与日常的距离，实则通过对异质空间的直接打造，更为鲜明的区分了美术馆与日常状态的关系，也使得艺术品自身的逻辑在与美术馆的博弈中呈现出更为强势的姿态，并试图将后者合理的转化为多重“异托邦”新空间的组成部分——例如在《电梯游说》、《楼梯》等作品的重新创作中，美术馆中的人、事、物皆成为艺术家使用的元素。“太虚之境”的创造，改变了艺术家、艺术品与美术馆间的结构关系，同时反过来激发了作为“异托邦”的美术馆之异质性与颠覆性的自我显现。
《电梯游说》，2019 ，中央美术学院美术馆展览现场
观众在上述“异托邦”的重构过程中发挥重要的作用，体现了新型美术馆观众素养与需求的塑造。如雷安所言，他喜欢运用空间营造舞台，将观众的角色由被动的参观者转变为发出主动行为的“演员”，因而作品的巧思需要观众的参与才得以成立；而在展览图像的网络传播中，人也常常作为主体而出现。因此观众成为异质空间的主角，作品变为游戏的“工具”，再一次丰富了权力结构的转变。这是当今风靡一时的网红展所具备的共性，它将美术馆变为一座斯文的游乐场，观众可以在泳池旁嬉戏、在试衣间的迷宫中穿梭，并上传“到此一游”的照片。但娱乐性与流量只是展览的一个侧面，在满足更广泛观众群体的展览取向的同时，雷安对于“异托邦”中观众的角色显然有着更加强烈的野心以及责任心。
《美发沙龙》，2019，中央美术学院美术馆展览现场
举例来说，艺术家所使用以创造异于日常经验的技术大都并不复杂，因此作品吸引观众去思考视觉游戏背后的成因；在这一过程中，人们会发现正是隐藏在作品背后的艺术家主导了这些奥秘，艺术家的“在场”由此变得更为明显，并且不再具有十足的神秘。
《试衣间》，2019，中央美术学院美术馆展览现场
此外，福柯认为正是“异托邦”的存在使我们能够感知日常、反思现实，而与其他美术馆展览相比，雷安的升级版“异托邦”将“现实”与“虚幻”的关系置于最为突出的地位，从而将打破现实的“稳定性”所带来的思想禁锢这一企图直接呈现在观众面前。因此，观众清晰的认识到，在“太虚之境”中，日常习惯与规范不再拥有理所当然的特权，质疑、批判与新理解便显示出更强的创造力。
《反射港湾》，2019，中央美术学院美术馆展览现场
而在《试衣间》、《教室》、《迷失花园》等众多作品中，观众还会以奇特的方式与镜像中的自我不期而遇或彼此分裂。雷安认为人的存在以镜子的反射为条件，因而在对生活场景的重新编程中，他大量使用与镜面相关的光学原理，创造与现实相伴而生的虚幻世界，并侧重对处于某种环境中的自我审视，在他者与自我的观看中提供认知自我的特殊方式。对于日常的认识与批判最终回归到对自我存在的理解之中。而这里的“他者”同样也包括了透过具有不同文化身份的艺术家视角进行的思考。
《全球快车》，2019，中央美术学院美术馆展览现场
新美术馆学将公众视为当代美术馆履职的核心对象，认为如今的美术馆应当更加主动的思考如何以自身叙事塑造公众的主体意识、塑造当代的人。通过将人的存在置于被发现的状态、将日常异质化，“太虚之境”也正更直接的承担了公众启蒙的职责。
《人行道》，2019，中央美术学院美术馆展览现场
雷安通过升级版“异托邦”的打造在美术馆、艺术家、艺术作品与观众之间构建了一种新型关系网。它可以被解读为一次贴近新美术馆学理念的实践。观众作为美术馆的核心，持有高度主观能动性，决定着作品的完成、强化了艺术家的“在场”，同时改变了展览云传播的形态；美术馆与艺术家在提供休闲方式的同时保障了展览的学术性与先锋意识，通过与日常建立的对立与差异为观众带来思考现实、认识自身的契机；而艺术作品不仅使得观众意识到自身处于“异托邦”空间之中，同时使得美术馆进一步发现自身作为“异托邦”空间而存在的特性，从而同样进行有效的自我批判。因此，整个美术馆的确转变为一座在虚实之间不断生长的有机体，其中各组成部分关系密切、互相影响，因而处于恒久的动态之中，在作为生产者提供营养的同时包容源源不断的解读，并通过否定和超越让渡权力并完善自身体系的建设。因此，从美术馆的角度对此次展览进行的解读为观众提供了以整体形式感知展览的角度，同时我们也可以在雷安对“异托邦”的重构之中看到美术馆未来发展的更多可能。
策划／CAFAM官网编辑部
文／张汎（新美术馆学研究小组成员）
编辑／胡炘融、庄双博
图／李标
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
