延安的木刻，是在承继三十年代鲁迅先生苦心培育的新兴木刻的革命传统的基础上发展起来的。把新兴木刻的革命传统带到延安来，主要是通过一批三十年代活动于上海的左翼木刻家。自1936年至1940年间，相继到达延安的温涛、胡一川、沃渣、江丰、马达、陈铁耕、黄山定、张望、刘岘、力群等，除温涛于1938年离开延安之外，他们都以鲁艺美术系（后来扩大改称美术部）为活动阵地，将新兴木刻的创作经验直接传授给青年一代。另一个传授经验的渠道是作品本身。由于“八·一三”战争的爆发，未能在上海举办的全国第三届木刻展览会所征集的二百多幅作品，在1938年初，由我带到延安，延安的美术青年，因而得到了观摩全国各家的木刻作品的机会。后来又由以胡一川为团长，成员有彦涵、罗工柳等组成的“鲁艺木刻工作团”将这些作品带往晋东南各地，流动展出。这对延安和华北解放区木刻运动的开展，起了推动的作用。
被国民党反动派和日本侵略军层层封锁的延安，就是绘画用品如：颜料、画布、画纸、画笔等物也很难输入，同时价钱又贵。只有宜于刻木刻的梨木板和枣木板可以就地取材，木刻刀和印木刻用的纸张，甚至黑色油墨延安都能自制。同时，用木刻代替锌板，可以解决延安报刊缺乏制版设备的困难。这都是促使木刻艺术发展的有利因素。因此木刻在延安就成了最大、最有吸引力的“远行及众”的画种，以至画家王式廓、陈叔亮等也兼作木刻了。鲁艺美术系实际上成了“木刻系”，木刻成了学员的必修课。当时许多优秀和比较优秀的青年木刻家，如彦涵、罗工柳、王琦、焦心河、古元、夏风、张映雪、戚单、牛文等，都出身于鲁艺。
毛主席和延安文艺工作者在1942年5月延安文艺座谈会期间的合影
延安木刻的思想水平和艺术水平提高很快，它将中国的新兴木刻推进到一个新的发展阶段，成为中国现代木刻史上光辉的一页。其所以能够达到这样的成就，关键在于延安的木刻作者，在党的文艺为工农兵服务的方针引导和鼓舞下，深入农村，深入部队，同农民、战士交朋友，和他们生活、工作在一起。参加火热的革命斗争，从中去感受，去熟悉他们的生活与思想感情，大大丰富了艺术创作的源泉。作品生动地反映了解放区军民改天换地的革命面貌。这就使得延安的木刻作品充满着浓厚的生活气息和战斗气氛，那民族解放斗争和阶级斗争以及人民的劳动生产和新型的民主生活，成为作品中压倒一切的主题。这种表现新的物和新的生活而且内容又如此充实的作品，当时在国统区和三十年代的木刻作者，做起来是有困难的。这主要是由于国民党反动派害怕群众运动，制造种种限制和禁例使得木刻工作者和其他文艺工作者一样，很少有机会能接近工农群众。所以作品所描绘的工农群众的生活显得狭窄，抽象，不够真实。同时，那里的一般木刻作者，在政治和经济的双重压迫下，又要为自己的物质生活奔波，缺乏安心创作的条件，这也是创作受到一定局限，发展较慢的一个原因。
同工农兵群众生活密切结合的延安木刻，除了内容充实，情节生动以外，还有一个显著的特色，那就是艺术形式趋民族化。延安木刻民族化的探索，有明确的目的，是以群众化为前题，促进木刻作品适应工农兵群众的欣赏习惯，更好地成为激发他们革命觉悟的精神食粮。如果忽视这个前提，民族化就成了无原则的、谁都可以利用的口号。我们不能忘记周总理为发展我国新的民族艺术而提出的“革命化、民族化、群众化”三者不可分割的这个光辉的原则。
古元与焦心河在创作木刻
取法西欧的阴刻法，用黑白对比组织画面、刻划形象的新兴木刻，不容易为人民群众接受，确实是它的弱点。但延安木刻的民族化，并不是把早已传到中国的外来技法排除于木刻创作之外，而是有选择地保留着曾为中国新兴木刻革命化有过影响的外来技法，并在适当地融合于阳刻线条造型的中国传统木刻技法过程中，创造性地形成了具有时代特色和民族风格的木刻艺术。这样做，是符合当时木刻创作的实际的，也符合鲁迅先生在《‘木刻纪程’小引》里的主张，他指出发展中国木刻两条道路之一，即“采用外国的良规，加以发挥，使我国的作品更加丰满，是一条道路”。所谓“发挥”，也包括有融合中国传统木刻表现方法的意思。
为人称道的古元的木刻作品，就是采取这种中西结合而又保持原有基础的方法，成为探索木刻民族化富有成效的范例。古元运用明快简练手法创作的具有民族风格的作品，既克服了西法木刻“阴阳脸”的弱点，又浓厚地保留着他初期作品中的珂勒惠支的艺术因素，作品的艺术表现因而更加丰满了。作者在探索木刻的民族化过程中，不仅不抛弃而且还充分利用了西欧木刻黑白对比的表现手法组织画面。画面显得有重量，所表现的事物也层次分明，同时又可以造成整个画面的视觉中心，就是最突出主题的地方。那处理黑白关系的豪放而又朴实的力法，不仅显示了木刻艺术的“力之美”，而且又加强了人物形象性格特征的表现，这种独特的民族风格的木刻艺术，大大丰富和提高了表现新生活的能力。又如王式廓的《改造二流子》和彦涵的《审问》这两幅富有民族特色的优秀木刻作品，它们成功的重要原因之一，显然是得力于作者原有的写实功夫及其创作方法。这说明，延安木刻的民族化，能够取得比较好的成绩，是由于作者善于利用外国的先进经验，正确地体现了“外为中用”的原则。这个原则，正是改进、发展、丰富和繁荣我们民族艺术的一个必要条件。这是在中国美术史上早已证实了的事实，也是时代向美术家提出的新的要求：使美术作品更多样地、更有效地为新时代的新群众服务。
鲁迅先生曾谆谆教导木刻青年：为了使木刻创作进一步发展，并扩大观众的范围，要“仔细观察社会状态”和融合中西木刻所长作出“别开生面”的木刻艺术。经过延安木刻工作者的认真实践，获得了可喜的成绩，得到了中外人士的好评。
在延安，最初试作木刻新年画的，是沃渣和我。我俩于1938年初，刻成《五谷丰登》和《保卫家乡》两幅年画，用彩色油墨各自套印四十份，以供鲁艺春节宣传队分发给农家张贴之用。新年画逐步成为有组织有领导的木刻创作中的一个重要的组成部分，并由延安发展到陕甘宁边区各地。发动许多木刻作者积极参加新年画创作，是1942年冬季开始的。鲁艺美术部美术研究室成立了“年画研究组”，搜集群众反映，总结经验，改进年画的创作工作。曾在延安《解放日报》上发表了《关于新的年画利用神象格式问题》和《年画的内容和形式》两篇文章，以纠正新年画创作中某些不正确的观念。古元和夏风等还根据我国西北地区春节贴在窗格子上的剪纸窗花形式，刻了一批反映生产、识字、民兵、劳军等题材的新窗花，颇得好评。延安的新年画大多用油墨手印，印刷数量受到限制，所以发行不广。到了解放战争时期，延安的一部分木刻作者到冀中、冀南地区，得到与当地的旧年画作坊合作的机会，用传统的套色水印方法，每种画稿印数多达成千上万份，才代替或挤进旧年画市场，较广地满足了广大群众的需要。到了有条件利用现代印刷机器能够又快又精并且大量地印刷年画时，木刻与新年画才不得不脱离关系，完成了它的历史使命。
1942年，毛泽东同志发表了《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》。延安的木刻作者，为了贯彻毛主席提出的利用民间的文艺形式，把文艺更有效地普及到工农兵群众中去的号召，他们广泛地利用民间年画的形式，在突破神象格式的创作过程中，充实和扩大了新年画的内容，以配合当时的各种政治任务，并把政治性与真实性相一致的要求作为发展新年画的创作目标，使新年画也为群众所喜爱。
当时常在国統区忙于为革命事业斗争的周恩来同志，对延安的木刻也很关心和重视。曾多次嘱咐将鲁艺拓印的木刻作品一批批送到重庆，参加在那里举行的全国性木刻展览会。展览会中的延安木刻得到国統区广大观众的赞赏，艺术界前辈徐悲鸿曾著文热情称赞古元“乃中国共产党中之大艺术家”，“其作品为世界艺术竞争的选手”（载于1942年10月18日重庆《新民报》）。后来，凡是访问过延安的国际友人，尤其是新闻记者，几乎都要带一份木刻作品回去作为紀念品或新闻报道的资料。1943-1945年送到苏联、印度、美国等国的木刻作品，举办了展览会，出版了画册，还有许多发表在报刊上，促进了各国人民之间的文化交流，并使外国观众得以从木刻作品中了解中国解放区军民的英勇抗战和人民生活的真实情况，收到了良好的宣传效果。
人们会感觉到，延安的木刻，在艺术上一般较优于各个解放区的作品。其重要原因之一，是由于英勇的陕甘宁边区军民，在八年抗日战争中，多次打退了国民党反动派的进攻和骚扰，保证了延安的安定。一定的安定环境，对木刻创作是必要的条件。延安的木刻作者可以安坐在窑洞里刻制作品，进行较多的艺术加工，作品的艺术质量自然会高些。而处于战争频繁和残酷的斗争环境中，流动太多，经常得不到安定创作条件的华北和华东解放区的木刻作者，他们的作品大多是急就之作，缺乏必要的加工过程，显得粗糙些。在华北解放区从事美术工作多年的胡一川、彦涵、罗工柳等，刻印了大批水印套色的宣传性木刻作品，但他们的那些描写战地生活题材的质量高的作品，都是回到延安后经过精心构思和加工刻制的。延安的木刻作者，还有一个优越的条件，他们几乎都集中在鲁艺工作。在教学方面，为了收到教学相长的效果，师生之间在艺术上形成了一种互相切磋、互相评论的良好风气，这也是延安的木刻提高较快的一个有力因素。
原载于一九七九年三月《美术研究》杂志
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CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
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(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
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The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
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Use in perpetuity.
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The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
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Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
