【“超有机”论坛焦点】韩少功:我们欲望着他者的欲望

文章来源:雅昌艺术网
“CAFAM泛主题展2011”于5月29日下午在中央美院美术馆推出了首场学术论坛。它也为今年“CAFAM展”项目的整体活动拉开了序幕。此次论坛将围绕展览的专题之一“生命政治”,邀请哲学、文学、文化理论和社会学方面的4位国内外知名学者开展讨论。

论坛由北京外国语大学汪民安教授主持,邀请到作家韩少功;南京大圩而教授、哲学家张一兵;巴黎政治学院教授、社会学家让-路易•罗卡;加拿大卡尔加里大学教授、文化理论家谢少波,以“生命政治(Bio-politics)”为主题,共同探讨了当下语境下,个体生命的政治体现以及在艺术中的体现。


图为作家韩少功在论坛上发表演讲
 
著名作家,海南省作协主席韩少功在论坛中最后发言,相比其他三位专业从事理论研究的专家,他笑言:我是和下的同学们一样都是来学习的,因为在理论上,刚才发言的三位都是专家,都是正规军,都是教授、博导,我是低学历我就读了一个本科,所以我是土匪流寇,在这里是没有资格来讲这些理论的。所以今天听了这一下午的时间也不多了,我就谈一谈我的感想,我感觉收获挺大。

 超有机”是“超深刻”、“超广博”、“超重要”

韩少功:听了前面三位的发言,我才发现“超有机”是“超深刻”、“超广博”、“超重要”,对我们的思想体、对我们今后的学术探索,包括我们怎么样理解我们的社会历史和日常生活我觉得都会非常有意义,当然从西方来讲,这个概念、这个理论和我们中国的现实不是对应得那么全面和准确,因为按照张教授说的生命政治主要是指一种隐形的,微观的控制,他不是那种宏观的、有形的控制,像用军队、用警察、用城管这样造成的控制是在可能范围之外的,但是我们中国现在还经常遇到城管队的骚扰,或者是我们遇到我们明显的制度层面的或者是来自某种社会势力集团的,或者是这样有形的控制和压迫,所以我们还有很多,大家会觉得西方人可能是吃饱了撑的,我这里还有城管,这些问题都是无形的微观的。

但是我觉得西方的思想理论对我们也不是说完全没有借鉴和学习的意义,甚至这个意义还很大,我们在经过文革大家感到非常禁锢,非常压抑的时代以后,通过三十年的改革开放,我们确实在市场,在民主,在现代化的道路上探索前进,而且是从朝野上下基本上大多数也都相信通过市场,通过民主、通过现代化的建设,我们能够得到更幸福的生活,更加自由,更加美满的生活,这是我们的一个主流性的,刚好今天这个研讨会正是提醒我们在市场、民主现代化的概念之下,在这个摸索过程之中,我们可能会遇到新的问题,就是在警察、军队、城管之外,我们遇到很多的问题。

  
       由微博“控”引发的“生命政治”思考

韩少功:当然我听课的时候就突然冒出一个词,我一直在做笔记,就顺手把这个词写下来,前不久我刚学的一个新词,在座的年轻朋友可能比我更熟悉,叫做“微博控”,现在大家都用微博,但是有的就走火入魔了,有的人是从早起来一直到晚上发几百条、上千条微博,比如说走到中央美院就写一条我见到了一个朋友,大声宣告我走进了中央美院,然后我见到张老师了就写一篇微博,见到谢老师就写一条,见到罗卡教授也写微博,神经病啊,谁让你写那么多微博的,这些信息是否值得人们知道,是否值得大众嚷嚷,网上就给这种人起了这个名字叫做“微博控”,这个“控”特别好,就是我们今天的生命政治。

微博是你选择自由的,你自由选择了这个微博,微博也给你带来很多的自由,比如消息的自由,但是变成“微博控”就有意思了,就是你被微博给控制了,其实“微博控”之外还有很多“控”,我们有“美容控”,我们有“减肥控”,我们有“消费控”,甚至有的人有“文凭控”,有“购物控”等等的控,这是我们讨论生命政治不要成为一个时髦以后,我们变成“生命政治控”。这个“控”就是一种无形的,改变了我们日常生活对我们生命的一种监控也好、规训也好,可能我说得不对,老师多担当,批判我。

    “思想解放”是否真的能够带来“个性多样化”?

韩少功:甚至是一种理性的一种新的囚禁,就是张老师也说到一种自拘性,自我的拘押,这个是新的东西,我觉得这个东西确实还是对我来说是很有启发意义的,因为比如说,我们曾经在文学界有一个说法,就是在“文革”是一种理性专注,那个东西特别讨厌,我那个时候也觉得应该捣乱,应该造反,我们把这个理性整个打造以后,一切跟着感觉走,这就是我们八十年代一个流行歌非常动人的号召,大家都要想那些条条框框,压迫我们的那些讨厌的教条,解放我们自己,回到中国,回到自我,回到原我,然后我们就放弃,这个东西八十年代我也是发烧友,我也想跟着感觉走,成为一个感觉的造反派。

但是过了八十年代、九十年代到现在,中国的文学界是否因为这个感觉的大解放,而实现了一种感觉的丰收或者是自由呢?我举一个例子,前年还是什么时候,我们有一个特有名的少年作家叫郭敬明,大家可能都知道,郭敬明就遇到一场官司,说他被抄袭,抄袭了另外一个少年作家的,一个女作家,北京市中级人民法院判决抄袭成立,判他陪20万块钱,但是郭敬明说:“道歉是不可能的,20万块钱我不在乎”,郭迷在网上就力挺郭,说抄了就是好,只要好看管他抄还是不抄,这个事情闹得很大,当时这个事情引起我注意的是同样在美国,一个哈佛大学三年级的女生,也是在美国特有名的一个少年作家同样遇到了官司,抄袭。然后在美国其他国家,在日本、韩国也纷纷出现少年作家的抄袭,我不太相信郭敬明是有意地抄袭,不是作为一个同行者我就同情他,我觉得人的智商没有这么低,你抄袭,要我来抄袭,我要抄一个偏僻一点的作品,古代的,世界哪个小民族的,你们找不到的,抄一个同时代的流行的有名的作家,那不是自己找死嘛,很容易被发现,没有人傻到这种程度,所以我更愿意相信他们可能是不经意的雷同。

     表面上的自由并不意味着没有一种隐形的控制甚至压抑

韩少功:问题就在这里,为什么会雷同?我们不是在跟着感觉走吗?我们不是在感谢大解放嘛,我们不是要更加地自由嘛,自由以后为什么还出现了文学上的千人一面,而且是那些把自由的口号、个性的口号这种感觉,崇拜的口号喊得最响的一些作家,最先遭遇这些雷同的一些,甚至被绞成了所谓抄袭的这种官司呢?

我想一想,在我们大概几十年前,我们中国的作家根本也不强调什么个性,也不强调什么跟着感觉走,也不强调什么过多的自由,但是我们的作家出来一个个都是,鲁迅是鲁迅,沈从文是沈从文,张爱玲是张爱玲,赵树理是赵树理,根本把作者的名字遮掉,大家一读都知道这个作者是非常有个性的,没有什么雷同,为什么在一个特别自由的时代,你想怎么写怎么写的时代,甚至你写反政府的小说,也许在台湾和香港就能发表的时代,雷同反而越来越多了,这就是一个问题,表面上的自由并不意味着没有一种隐形的控制甚至压抑,甚至给我们一种很不自由的结果,这样的一个东西,这是我的一点学习体会。

   现在的年轻人比我们那个时候还可怜

韩少功:我跟有一些青年朋友也经常交流,以前我有一些对自己的责备,包括对我自己的女儿,觉得你今天有这个毛病,那个毛病,但是现在我不太这么说了,因为我觉得青年人,现在的年轻人比我们那个时候还可怜,表面上很多自由,其实自由比我们那个时候少,没有多少自由。

比如有一些青年跟我说:“韩老师我实在是想读书,我特别喜欢读小说,但是我哪有时间读啊?”我妈、我爸欠了很多债把我送进大学,我读完大学欠了一大笔人情债,我上大学的时候我村子里还办了几十桌酒席,全村的人都眼睁睁地盯着我看你读了大学以后混出什么样来,我现在回村里我没有脸见人,我现在一个月赚一千多块钱,只有都养不活我怎么办,我热爱文学,我没有办法我怎么能够热爱呢?我现在是怎么能挣钱怎么来,这就是他不自由,他有什么自由呢?有很多人想有一个安静的书桌,有一个什么、什么,但是没有这个自由,一种无形的力量,无形的手,在给我们很多甜蜜的许诺,甜蜜的宣传和抚慰之后,我们真正地得到多少这是值得我们反思的,值得我们日常生活中很多的细节去反思。

  哪一些消费是我们真实的我所需要的?

韩少功:比如说我们的消费,哪一些消费是我们真实的我所需要的,哪一些消费是人家交给我,强迫我产生的。有的时候我在这个时候想起人和动物的区别,我有的时候想到动物,我们人很看不起动物,动物有什么?又没脑子、没心肝,禽兽不如,这是经常我们骂人的话,你这个狗,都是我们骂人的话,其实狗、禽兽,我有时候觉得比人要可爱一点,比如欲望,他的欲望很简单,我想养狗养猫,他们就吃东西,吃饱了就睡觉,就出去玩儿,也不挑食,有一点点不是很那儿什么(笑),但是人挑得可厉害了,人吃一顿饭,吃饱,十块钱、二十块钱可以吃得很好,也吃得很香,但是有人要吃一千块钱、一万块钱一次的,这是我们真实的欲望,还是某种外在的力量强迫给我们的欲望,有的人开车,如果一条狗知道开汽车的话,他肯定开一辆汽车就够了,但是我们的人可能要三辆汽车、五辆汽车,我们人穿鞋子,一双脚,有的人家里囤积了一百双、上千双鞋子,我们人的欲望。

包括发情,动物的发情是有规律的,有的是一个月一次,有的是两个月一次,有的是半年一次,人现在不得了,有A天,有春宫药,有各种各样的手段,让你人必须发情,你不发情不行,你不是男人,你不是女人,女人就是性感什么,说法可多了,这个时候每个人都很恐慌,至于这些人哪些欲望是外在的力量强加给我们的,而且是我们在这种欲望的压迫之下,喘不过气来,宋代有一句话叫做要“存天理,灭人欲”,后来被中国的知识界理解为这是地域主义,不是要我们横加批判,就是我后来发现这都是一个大的误解,制造了我们学界的一大障碍,宋代的学者程颐他是这么解释的,他说什么叫天理,存天理指的就是人要吃饭,人要住房子,盖房子、吃饭就是天理,什么叫“灭人欲”?人欲就是人为之欲,就是过分地贪欲,这就是我们要灭的这个东西,所以他总的意思“存天理,灭人欲”指的是我们要克制那种过的贪欲,而要保护、尊重我们正常的人的需求。

比如我们要吃饱,要穿暖,要住房子,我们要行走,要坐车子,这个是我们正常的,这也是孔子有一个说法就是惠而不废,惠是实惠的惠,就是我们要自私,没错你自私首先要讲究实惠,你要是实实在在的,但是不要浪费,现在我们买一个月饼,买一瓶酒,买一包烟,可能90%的钱并没有花在我们真正的消费的价值上,没有花在商品的品质上,而是给了广告商,给了包装上,给了等等,我们是买一种自己的虚荣心的层面,而不是真正地买孔子说的惠,我们很多消费很不实惠,但是我们被很多的力量暗中所规定。我们在很不自由的状态下,成了一种让我们自己觉得难以理解的消费,所以这是我的一点体会,我不知道我是否正确地理解了前三位老师深刻的给我们这一课的精神。

  相关信息:

韩少功,1953年1月出生于湖南省。1968年下乡插队务农;1974年调文化馆工作;1978年就读湖南师范大学;曾任《海南纪实》杂志主编(1988)、《天涯》杂志社社长(1995)、海南省作协主席(1996)、海南省文联主席(2000)等职。

主要文学作品有《韩少功系列作品》(九卷,人民文学出版社,2008),含短篇小说《西望茅草地》、《归去来》等,中篇小说《爸爸爸》、《鞋癖》等,散文《世界》、《完美的假定》等,长篇小说《马桥词典》,长篇随笔《暗示》,长篇散文《山南水北》。另有译作《生命中不能承受之轻》、《惶然录》等。曾获上海中长篇小说大奖(1997),全国鲁迅文学奖(2007)、华语传媒文学大奖(2007)、法国文艺骑士勋章(2002),美国纽曼华语文学奖(2010)等。

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Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement

According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Group Visit Agreement
and Statement

CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement

I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.

CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer

Article I

This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

Article II

Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.

Article III

Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.

Article IV

Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.

Article V

During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

Article VI

Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement

According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Event Booking Form

Name:
Gender
Phone:
Valid Certificate: Identity Card
ID Number:
Email:

Reminder:

Hello! Thank you for participating in our public education event and we are looking forward to seeing you! If you cannot attend the event on time, please send a text message to 13261936837 (Liang) to cancel the booking. Please be aware that your eligibility for using the quick booking may be affected If you cancel the booking more than three times. Thank you for your understanding!
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