潘世勋谈伊维尔油画技法

潘世勋,1934年生于吉林,擅长油画、绘画技法材料研究。1955年考入中央美术学院油画系,先后师从吴作人、王式廓、董希文、艾中信等教授。1960年以优异成绩毕业于中央美院油画系吴作人工作室并留校任教。1984-1986年由国家文化部选派到法国巴黎美术学院进修,并游历欧洲各国。现为中央美术学院教授,中国美术家协会会员,中国油画学会理事。

克劳德·伊维尔(Claude Yvel)是法国当代著名幻境派超写实主义画家。他不仅有着精湛的绘画技巧,并且对西方17世纪至19世纪的欧洲古典绘画技法及材料具有极其深入的研究,曾经出版过中文版《法国克劳德·伊维尔油画技法》一书,备受艺术爱好者喜爱。

1984年我受文化部选派,到法国巴黎美术学院进修,那一批前后去了五个人,都拿的是法国助学金。尹戎生是第一个出去的,随后是我、庞涛、张颂南和王德娟。我当时是头一次出国,整个一个懵门儿,虽然去之前利用课余学了六个月的法语,但到法国之后发现语言还是不行,很难进行深入的艺术交流。当时国内艺术界的情况是,距离吴作人先生他们那一代到欧洲学习,已经历了半个世纪的封闭,此间我们的艺术家只去过很少的几个社会主义国家。所以当有了这样一个到欧洲的机会时,虽然不能像吴先生他们那样一学好多年,我自己只待了一年半,却仍然很珍惜。

刚到法国的时候,我认识了广东旅法画家陈建中,他当时就住在毕加索那间位于蒙马特的“洗衣房画室。陈建中领着我们参观了一些他比较熟悉的画家的画室,其中有一个画写实风格的哥伦比亚年轻画家,一见面就问我的油画是画意大利派还是弗拉芒派。这一问我就愣住了,当时我脑子里对他所说的这些流派基本没概念。在欧洲的绘画传统中,南方的意大利派和北方的弗拉芒派是比较重要的两个传统。所以初次见面的画家,人家会问你是延续的哪一个传统。我们上学的时候,美术史基本上讲的都是文艺复兴“三杰”之类的,当时被我们称为尼德兰艺术的弗拉芒派,在讲课中只提到凡艾克画了一幅《羔羊崇拜》,画得很细,其他就都一笔带过了。后来我才知道,随着南方意大利派的兴起,北方弗拉芒派在17世纪就逐渐衰退了,欧洲后来的绘画基本是被意大利的影响独占了,包括我们学的俄罗斯绘画,主要也是南欧画派的影响。刚去法国的时候,我受以前美院教育的影响和老师的熏陶,起初对弗拉芒派并不看好。刚出去的时候我们虽然没多少钱,但碰见处理的画册都尽量买,不过当时有一本凡艾克的画册卖得很便宜我就没有买。对弗拉芒派的认识发生改变,是1985年我和蒋采蘋一起去比利时的时候。出发前有一位台湾旅法画家彭万墀,是台湾“五月画会”的成员。他建议我去比利时一定要去根特和布鲁日,说只有到了那里才知道什么叫“弗拉芒派”。所以,我们特意去了根特,在根特大教堂里看到的最重要的一张画就是《根特祭坛画》。我们去看《根特祭坛画》的时候,与现在的展览方式不一样,那时候它是可以正反面打开的,还可以进去看。当时对凡艾克的印象就是他太神乎其技了,觉得他怎么能画成这样,后人简直不可想象。我当时拍了很多幻灯片,回来后拿给别人看,大家都很惊讶,都没想到他画得那么精彩。在布鲁日的格罗宁格博物馆,我们也见到不少弗拉芒派的作品,其中也有凡·艾克的几张。那次让我很感兴趣的是,蒋采蘋作为中国工笔画重彩画家也很惊讶于欧洲古代绘画中对石青的使用,以往只知道中国画石青用得比较多,没想到欧洲16世纪之前的弗拉芒派也大量使用石色。而且,弗拉芒派对石色的使用与中国式的单线平涂画法不同,是一种很写实的画法。石青用得有明、有暗、有转折,色彩漂亮极了,这让我们对弗拉芒派有了更深刻的认识。从比利时回来以后我就开始对弗拉芒派感兴趣了,同时也感到中国美术界对弗拉芒派的认识太少了,无论是对它的历史还是绘画方法、材料,几乎都一无所知。

当然我们那时候到欧洲要看的东西太多,眼花缭乱。我当时觉得这么短时间想把所有东西都搞明白是不可能的,所以就有意识地侧重于看博物馆。除了加强对一些已经了解的画家的感性认识之外,就是要对那些过去不了解或者了解得不准确的画家进行深入细致的认识。我们此次去法国之前,江丰院长给了一个任务,让我们头一批出去的人临画。这个任务我后来没有完成,因为我发现很多现代艺术使用的材料我们根本不知道,而很多古代画家所使用的材料我们也不清楚。以前我们理解的古典绘画是大卫、安格尔,但他们其实并不是真正的古典画家。准确地说,他们是使用近代绘画的手法去追随古典绘画的精神,所以被称为“新古典主义绘画”。什么是真正的古典绘画,我们当时都搞不明白,伦勃朗的那些作品都不是之前我们想当然用直接画法创作的。所以,那时候我们到了法国也只能临摹印象派。

意识到材料技法的问题后,我到巴黎美术学院进修时就特别关注那些古代画家所使用的一些我们不熟悉的绘画材料和方法,并且把它当作我后来在法国考察的研究对象。这期间,我在巴黎美术学院宾卡斯工作室学习。但是宾卡斯当时在课堂传授的东西也比较偏重观念,我只好私下让宾卡斯给我讲关于古典绘画的东西。宾卡斯讲的方法大体上还是对的,很多认识源于他的老师瓦克尔。瓦克尔写过《绘画材料与技法》,其中有一个观点:如果画画,最好别画油画。他认为油画是一种不坚固、不结实的画。因为古代人对于油的特性不太了解,后来才发现油是靠在空气中氧化干燥的,但是干燥之后还会继续氧化,所以油画的寿命相对比较短,不像我们中国人以为的那么长。与油画相反,古代的胶彩和坦培拉绘画的寿命相对更长。中国绘画常说“纸寿千年绢八百”,本质上指的都是材料的问题。胶材如果不遭受水灾或人为的破坏,会保存得比油画还好。19世纪的油画作品变暗的现象很明显,比如我们发现某些印象派初期的作品就有这个问题,更早的油画灰暗得更严重,这是油画材料本身的原因造成的。所以瓦克尔有这样的观点:如果你想画画,最好别画油画,如果要画油画就画凡艾克式的油画。因为现在凡艾克的画经历了六百多年,除了有一些小的自然裂纹,其他几乎就如同刚画的一样。凡艾克的技法是最早的坦培拉绘画与早期罩染相结合的--种混合技法,它的基础是坦培拉绘画。所以凡·艾克的油画在美术史上是应该被认真讨论的,因为他发明的油画并不是我们今天意义上的油画,而且我认为这一发明可能也不是他一个人的成绩,很可能与当时的髹漆工艺有关。而且当时的绘画还有一个特点,包括意大利绘画,画家除了关心画画之外,还管画框。日本的一些美术学院就保留了金漆工艺的画框制作传统,而我们的美术学院却没有。从资料上看,公元七、八世纪已经使用油来作画,但它并不干,当时找不到油不干的原因。现在我们分析油不干可能有几个原因:首先,当时还没有意识到干性油和不干性油的区别。其次,亚麻仁油虽然是比较好的干性油,但过去的榨油机榨完橄榄油又榨亚麻仁油,导致油的成分不纯,画完也很难干。对于凡·艾克的发明,很多欧洲美术史中都说他主要使用了松节油,这是不对的,其实他使用的是树脂。油加进树脂后,变成一种树脂性油,就可以很快变干,这跟我们使用的油漆是一个道理。油漆现在被称为合成漆,就是因为里面加了树脂,只不过古代是加天然树脂,后来换成现代树脂。曾有人专门调查凡艾克的账,连伙食账都查了,发现他买了特别多的马蹄脂。马蹄脂产于希腊,可以做蛋糕,但是凡艾克不可能吃那么多蛋糕,所以我们猜测他是用来作画的。

在巴黎考察期间,我对凡·艾克所采用的绘画材料产生了很大的兴趣,想弄明白他是怎么画的。也就是在1985年,我认识了伊维尔。介绍我们认识的是一位香港的旅法画家,叫张汉明,他从美术学院毕业以后一直跟随伊维尔学画。伊维尔和宾卡斯的主张不同,宾卡斯主张用现代乙烯、丙烯等材料,代替古代的坦培拉做底层,然后用油来罩染,以这种方式重建所谓凡·艾克的体系。而伊维尔则很不一样,他坚持一切都依照古法炮制,只用传统材料,不用现代材料,这也使得他在材料方面有着独到的研究心得。伊维尔查证了大量的历史资料,并在自已的实践中坚持一切按照古代的传统,自已制作画笔及其他工具。不过后来我们也意识到,伊维尔的绘画方法也并不完全是凡艾克的方式,而他最主要的成就可能是还原了凡艾克所用的媒介。这个媒介以往被称作“黄酱”或者“神油”,一直是画家秘而不传的技巧。传说凡·艾克的画室门口始终挂着一把刀,未经允许进去的,格杀勿论,这在那个重视行业保密的时代也是有可能的。据说凡艾克临终的时候才把这个秘方传给克里斯蒂斯,就是“北方的蒙娜丽莎”(藏于柏林达勒姆博物馆的《年轻女子像》)的作者。后来在早期弗拉芒派的作品中,大家发现了画家的调色板上除了颜色之外,还有一块透明的东西,被称为“凡·艾克的媒介”,就是所谓的“黄酱”。伊维尔认为自己破译了这种媒介,他用马蹄树脂和亚麻仁油做成媒介,后来在沈阳被称为“神油”。这种媒介后来得到了法国一家颜料公司的承认,开始批量生产,称作“弗拉芒媒介”,注明发明人是伊维尔。这种对于整个绘画制作过程的专注,在现代画家中很少见,大家一般只是较为关注画画,对于工艺流程并不太重视,甚至有很多画家连材料的基本情况都不做深究,所以我觉得伊维尔很有古代画家的态度。我当时去他的画室,也感到很惊讶他的画室虽然不大,但却非常干净、严谨。

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戴红头巾的青年男子 扬·凡·艾克

我们当时从欧洲回来,做了一个行业叫拉洋片。我们用很有限的助学金,买了胶卷拍幻灯片,曾经也在鲁迅美术学院放映过,场场爆满,礼堂的门都挤爆了。虽然这种东西现在没人看了,但当时大家被禁锢了很久,对欧洲艺术有很高热情,迫切想知道欧洲艺术究竟是怎么样的。回想我上学的时候,画油画就参考点儿画册,而且画册的印刷质量也很差。记得1958年前后,来了一批瑞典印制的小画册,中央美院的老师几乎都买了。我那时候还是穷学生,也买了三本。我们上学的时候连印象派都是受到质疑的,当时像毕加索、现代主义是明确受到批判的,根本不能看,有些学生就因为看了现代派的东西而被划成了右派,那时候称为“文艺思想问题”。我记得当年艾中信先生就很委屈,那一年毕加索画了和平鸽,世界和平大会用他这幅画做会标,我们就需要写点纪念毕加索的文章,结果大家谁都不肯写,中宣部只好把任务派给了艾中信。艾先生也不愿意写这个题目,后来领导打保票,说这是上面派的任务,不会有问题。结果艾先生写完了还是挨批,可见那时候的束缚很严重。虽然当时印象派也属于要批判的对象,但我们私底下还是会学。当时江丰就认为印象派是形式主义,但有些人也敢说话,像许幸之当时就说印象主义就是印象主义,没必要上纲上线。当时对印象派的批判主要是说他们画得都是小情、小景、小趣,不符合我们主题创作的要求,但批完大家还都看,因为这个再不看就没什么好看的了。后来吴作人先生在画室里经常跟我们说,这些画的原作不是这样的,你们看可以,但不要看坏了眼睛。其实这话说了也白说,因为没去过欧洲的人也想象不出来。后来我们到欧洲去真正认同了吴先生的说法,我们当初觉得印象派的色彩都很鲜艳华丽,其实只有野兽主义是那样的,印象派很多颜色都很沉着。

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阿尔诺芬尼夫妇像 扬·凡·艾克

在法国认识伊维尔之后,我就觉得通过他,可以帮助中国的艺术界了解弗拉芒派,有益于比较弗拉芒派和我们熟悉的意大利派的不同。弗拉芒派和意大利派最大的区别是意大利派强调厚涂,而弗拉芒派重视罩染。这种罩染画得很薄,颜色都很透明。虽然弗拉芒派的末流画家画得比较匠气,但今天从一个整体的美术史角度来看,应该说两派各有所长并且相互影响。弗拉芒派产生在北欧,一是因为它宗教信仰较强,二是因为那里地势较低,太湿、太潮,不适合画壁画,所以发展了画在木板上的祭坛画。因为是放在祭坛上,要求近看,所以大都画得很精细。意大利好的画家也都是能粗能细的,一直到鲁本斯都有这个本事。因此南北欧虽然是两个传统,但历史进程中也互相交融。后来很多人画不出像鲁本斯那样的画,一是因为需求不同了,另一方面也因为材料不同了。《美术研究》曾经发表过一篇文章,说德拉克洛瓦的技法基本是从鲁本斯的系统下来的,里面也使用了类似凡艾克神油”的东西,当时叫“黑油”,后来这种技法失传了。在德拉克洛瓦的日记里,每篇都提到鲁本斯,严格来讲鲁本斯是受北欧画派的影响,但是他吸收了南方画派的东西,所以他的风格是带有融合性的,欧洲绘画的影响也有交叉。我在到法国之前对鲁本斯的印象不太好,因为我看过一本列宾的书,说看鲁本斯的画好像到了屠宰场。其实鲁本斯的时代和中国唐代一样,是以肥胖为美的。我们很多人都接受委拉斯贵支但委拉斯贵支很大程度上都是受鲁本斯的影响。今天的学生对各种各样的绘画风格都应该多接触、多学习,至于最后你用哪种风格,用哪些招儿,这是你自己的选择。中国古代说“艺不压身”,学了可以用,没什么坏处。所以,我想要介绍伊维尔来中国,就是因为他代表了一种我们不太了解的西方美术史的传统,这方面的意义比较大。

很多人说伊维尔的画法是照相写实主义他自己坚决否认。他认为自己秉承的是欧洲的“杜卜勒艺术”,就是所谓的“乱真派艺术”。他作画不使用照相机,都是对景写生。伊维尔人很友好,对中国也特别有兴趣,我当时就考虑通过什么途径请伊维尔到中国来。1987年,文化部请宾卡斯来讲学,在当时很有影响。这个事情主要是由我负责,但因为当时美院没有开展绘画材料教学的经验,很多工作都需要从零做起,课上需要的材料都要我去张罗,很辛苦。后来再说请伊维尔来,我就有些怵头,因为中央美术学院当时没人愿意来做这个事情。这时正好鲁迅美术学院的油画系主任祝福新去法国,我就和他说伊维尔这个画家很有意思,鲁美能不能请他去讲学。由此我就带祝福新去见了伊维尔,他很感兴趣,最后就决定由鲁美请伊维尔到沈阳讲学。1988年伊维尔在鲁美讲学时全国去了很多人,中央美院诸如杨飞云等很多人也去了。通过这个班,伊维尔主要传达的是弗拉芒派那种让中国学生感到比较新奇的材料和技法,他启发了当时很多中国画家对弗拉芒派传统的认识。我觉得请伊维尔来中国对开拓中国艺术家的思维和眼界是有作用的,更何况伊维尔的这种画法是欧洲古代就有的传统,而且这种传统在今天依然有很强的生命力。在巴黎画派时期,就有位日本画家叫藤田嗣治,他当时在巴黎混得不好,后来交了个比利时女朋友,从她那里得知了弗拉芒派的技法,藤田嗣治就用弗拉芒派的技法画日本画,使他在巴黎画派中取得了重要地位。但是,凡艾克那种北欧的绘画方法很多人学了都感觉太麻烦、太繁复,所以很多在伊维尔那里学过的人也并不是都按他的方法在画,而是会有些变化。

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克利斯蒂娜的世界 安德鲁·怀斯

1991年伊维尔第二次来中国,我请他到中央美术学院讲学,同时办一个小型展览。当时这个展览就在老美院的楼上,展的画不多,但他拿画来展览和他讲课一样认真,连他画箱上所有的螺丝钉都是自己设计,自己制作的,他自己有着一套很严谨的工作程序。对于伊维尔本人的评价,我觉得他对绘画的态度是十分可敬的,虽然他是职业画家,但他对作画却很虔诚。我觉得越是大画家,对材料越应该在意,因为他要成就他自己立足的东西。伊维尔研究材料就是“走火入魔",而伊维尔今天的价值正在于他的这份走火入魔,只有这样,他才在某一点上比别人有深度。凡艾克当年在绘画中投入的精神,就很像西藏的唐卡,他当年给教会工作也带有跟喇嘛一样的宗教情结。因为有这样一种毫无保留的对主的奉献精神,他才会花这么大的力气去慢慢画。今天的商业社会,大家很少愿意做这种成本极高的劳动,但我觉得从整个艺术的发展看,凡·艾克这套技巧和态度,是值得我们今天认真研究和吸收的。我觉得弗拉芒派这种细腻的画风很适合中国人的传统审美趣味。以前我们去乡下写生画油画,用的都是意大利派的风格,老百姓是不喜欢的,他们的评价是:“远看一朵花,近看屎粑粑”。但是弗拉芒派就不存在这个问题,因为它画得很细,和中国古代的年画、唐宋的绘画比较接近,更容易被中国人民接受。就像蒋采蘋虽然画工笔,但她看凡艾克、荷尔拜因就佩服得五体投地。在方法上,弗拉芒派画法和中国的工笔画法接近,但是它曾经所达到的高度是现在很多画家难以企及的。

“坦培拉”这个词最早是我翻译过来的,以前叫“胶彩画”或“蛋清画”。1988年我在《美术》上发表过一篇文章,叫《谈坦培拉绘画》,应该是国内发表最早的一篇专门谈坦培拉的文章。我是去了欧洲以后才懂得坦培拉,并且知道了所谓古典油画的底层画法都是坦培拉,然后上面再用油来罩染,有的一次画成,有的多层罩染。宾卡斯所说的“肥盖瘦'指的就是这种绘画材料底层和上部的关系。这个观念最早是鲁本斯提出来的,意思是说油画材料必须是在'肥盖瘦”的情况下才能稳定,反过来则不行。我们现在画油画,底层如果用油太多,上面就会有吸油的问题。《谈坦培拉绘画》发表以后,我寄给在法国的陈建中他们,后来伊维尔看到很高兴,特别从法国给我写来意见,指明哪些地方写得好,哪些地方写得不对。伊维尔对坦培拉的解释还是比较准确的,再有就是一个叫阿尼格尼的画家,他用坦培拉比较多,他的学生曾经把他坦培拉的配方都抄给了我。后来我查了中国的美术词典,里面对坦培拉的解释都是错误的。我想错误的原因可能是三十年前这个词翻译到中国时就翻译得不清楚,那个时候大家争论《最后的晚餐》是什么画,有人说是油画,也有人说不是油画,但具体也说不清是什么。后来还是庞薰栗说这幅画既不是油画,也不是胶材,也不是湿壁画,但他也没说清楚到底是什么材料,其实它就是坦培拉。它是达芬奇自已发明的用坦培拉办法画的壁画,但达芬奇的媒介不太成功,画完就掉色了。我们字典上介绍说坦培拉是用鸡蛋调和的,有的画家就想当然以为是用蛋清调和的,但事实上是用蛋黄。蛋清本身是脆弱的,而蛋黄本身胶中还有油,而且蛋黄干了以后就具有了不可逆性。有一个留学捷克的画家说坦培拉画法是拿蛋清做调色剂,用蛋黄做稀释剂,这一听就知道不可能。很多关于坦培拉的说法都是曾经留学欧洲的人的一种道听途说。包括我们很多留学苏联的学生也没有真正搞懂坦培拉,虽然俄罗斯因为圣像画的关系,成为了唯一保存坦培拉绘画传统的国家,但是俄罗斯的美术学院里也不是每个老师都了解。当年我们办“马克西莫夫油画训练班”,有个女学生叫陆国英,她想学古典油画技法,马克西莫夫就告诉她拿锌白画,干了以后罩染。结果写生的时候,别人都画完了,她的还没干,可见马克西莫夫也不太懂坦培拉。坦培拉最传统的配方是用蛋黄加水调颜色,从波提切利时代就这么画,不加其他任何的胶。后来的配方里加了越来越多的东西,有的在鸡蛋里再打进油最后打得多了就变成了油性坦培拉,配方五花八门。但总的来说,什么叫坦培拉呢?就是用乳性的胶来画画。这种配方很宽泛,用沙拉油也行,用奶酪也可以做,或用胶里面加进油都可以,呈乳液状的都叫坦培拉。但这个词在古代使用得很混乱,首先是很多国家把坦培拉作为古代绘画的泛称,其次是法国有个词叫“古代胶彩”,和坦培拉两个词混用了。所以坦培拉现在正确的解释应该是用乳液状材料所画作品的统称,而且特别材料还要特别标明,比如鸡蛋做的坦培拉、酪素坦培拉等。今天中国的美术史家总想把外国词都翻译成最简单的,我不赞成,我认为坦培拉就是坦培拉,蛋彩只是坦培拉的一部分,比如怀斯就是蛋彩坦培拉,有的人虽然底层做的是坦培拉,但他用的是奶酪,这就叫酪素坦培拉,这些是很复杂的。后来我写的文章就是想把这些问题说清楚,也算取得了一些效果,大家基本都承认,并且像刘孔喜的蛋彩坦培拉也被大家接受了,他是在日本武藏野大学学的。曾经有上海颜料厂的技师问我坦培拉能不能做成颜料我说一般都是画家自制,因为它干燥太快不适合保存。但是他问我为什么俄罗斯有,其实如果到过俄罗斯就知道他弄错了,俄罗斯现在把水粉画叫坦培拉,他们真正的坦培拉体系只在圣像画作坊里保留,偶尔有些画家采用,比如谢罗夫晚年曾画过坦培拉。油画有一个好处是上了光油后很亮,很亮就会反光,古代的城堡里房间很暗,窗子很小,光线通过窗子打在油画上很好看。但是在19世纪巴黎博览会以后,建筑发生了变化,房子、窗子变大,油画挂出来就会多处反光,这就要求画面是哑光的。因此很多人尝试用松节油作画,但光用松节油画并不结实,而且很灰暗这个时候坦培拉的优势就体现出来了,好多画家这个时候选择用坦培拉,包括克里姆特。其实绘画这种东西并没有太多的高科技,都是立足手艺的一种试验,是想各种办法最终达到一个好的效果的不断尝试和努力。

节选自《中国艺术》2016年04期

图片来自网络

编辑|郑丽君

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I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.

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Article I

This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

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Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.

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Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.

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Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.

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During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

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Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement

According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Group Visit Agreement
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CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement

I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.

CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer

Article I

This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

Article II

Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.

Article III

Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.

Article IV

Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.

Article V

During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

Article VI

Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement

According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Group Visit Agreement
and Statement

CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement

I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.

CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer

Article I

This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

Article II

Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.

Article III

Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.

Article IV

Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.

Article V

During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

Article VI

Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement

According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

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