构建人气神话——从观众视角看泰特现代美术馆吸引力塑造的三部曲

内容摘要:二战后西方社会经济与文化事业高速发展,在面对其他各类文化机构的竞争压力时,如何吸引观众成为众多美术馆的重要议题。在此背景下,泰特现代美术馆从观众视角出发,在重启激活老电厂的地标性、呈现异质化的展览以及“看得懂”的观展服务这三个方面的努力下,成功吸引到大量观众群体,成为塑造美术馆吸引力的典型代表。

关键词:泰特现代美术馆;观众;吸引力;地标;展览;服务


引言

“二战”后,西方经济高速发展,国民收入水平逐步提高,在文化领域,社会公众不仅在闲暇时间里有了更多的选择,其角色也从原先被动接受的位置变得更具主导性。在这一背景下,同样需要占用社会公众闲暇时间的美术馆也成为观众按需选择的对象。在面对其他文化机构的竞争压力时,美术馆虽然可以通过各种媒体的宣传在一定程度上吸引到部分观众,却解决不了其略显被动的尴尬处境。故而,为了能够吸引被其他文化机构分流的观众,继而履行艺术的社会教育功能,美术馆不得不主动调整自身与观众之间的关系,更多地从观众角度出发,努力将自己塑造成既能激发观众观展兴趣,又能为他们提供优质服务的文化场所,这一变革在“二战”后陆续新建的现代美术馆中体现得尤为明显。其中颇具代表性的便是开馆于2000年的英国泰特现代美术馆(Tate Modern)。在面对已经免票多年的大英博物馆、英国国家美术馆、白教堂美术馆(Whitechapel Gallery)、萨奇美术馆(Saatchi Gallery)等英国老牌艺术文博机构的竞争压力时,它依然异军突起,自开馆伊始便一跃成为英国年度参观人数仅次于大英博物馆的明星艺术机构,成功塑造了美术馆界难以企及的人气神话。


一、老电厂地标性的重新激活

了解一种产品,包装是最直接、最直观的。包装和产品价格、品牌名字和来源国都被认为是外在线索[1]。想要吸引人,与众不同的外包装设计往往是塑造产品吸引力的第一步,这一情况同样也存在于美术馆的外包装设计——场馆建设之中。无论古今,西方美术馆地标式的展览建筑常常是吸引观众前去参观的重要前导因素,对于不在少数的观众而言,去过某一个地标式的美术馆,有时要比参观艺术显得更为重要。正如《纽约时报》一篇调查报道的题目所揭示的那样:《忘掉艺术——全在乎于建筑》(Forget the Art——It’s All About the Buildings)[2]。如果说西方传统美术馆建筑地标性的获得,是依托于宏伟的神庙宫殿样式的话,那么西方现当代美术馆的地标性,则大部分来源于其对建筑样式的各类追新求异。因此,我们不难发现,为了能够在场馆建筑上吸引观众,自20世纪50年代以来的西方现当代美术馆,其在进行场馆建设时往往会在建筑上选择引入各类先锋派样式,试图以视觉上的感官冲击来建构自己的地标属性。尽管在此背景之下诞生了诸如纽约古根海姆博物馆、巴黎蓬皮杜艺术中心以及西班牙毕尔巴鄂古根海姆博物馆这类明星美术馆建筑,但也有不少现代美术馆建筑在追新求异的浪潮中陷入了褒贬不一的困境。《建筑的自由精神》一书的编者安德斯·帕帕达克斯和肯尼斯·包威尔(Andreas Papadakis & Kenneth Powell)曾言:“当今的建筑极力追求无限性,打破规则……这是令人不安的,搅乱人心的,使人愤怒的,不可理喻的。”[3]也许两位建筑评论家的观点稍显过激,然而却也从侧面指明了现当代美术馆在建设过程中的一些问题。如果地标性的获取要依靠视觉冲击的话,那么当其他更具视觉冲击力的美术馆建筑诞生时,其所标榜的地标性究竟还能支撑多久是值得观察和考量的。

对于相对保守的英国观众来说,夸张的视觉冲击并不十分符合他们的预期,正如1977年法国蓬皮杜艺术中心落成开幕之后,在面对这座炼油厂一般的高技派建筑时,英国《建筑评论》评论道:“……一个蓬皮杜中心造成叫人兴奋的景象,可是一想起如果我们的市中心主要由这样子的建筑组成,你就感到那是多么令人厌恶。”[4]所以当泰特现代美术馆在筹建场馆时,并没有选择通过追新求异的建筑来塑造自身的地标属性,而是另辟蹊径地将目光聚焦在了一个废弃已久的工业遗存——岸边发电厂(Bankside Power Station)上。虽然英国对工业遗存的再利用已经有过不少的成功案例,且从理论和改建能力上来看,任何一个工业遗存也都有成为美术馆的可能性,但实际上并不是所有的工业遗存都适合于改建成美术馆。除了建筑空间的考量因素之外,如前所述,观众群体对现代美术馆建筑的地标性要求就意味着,工业遗存本身是否具有一定的地标属性就成了改造后美术馆是否具有吸引力的重要前置条件。

那么,泰特现代美术馆所选择的岸边发电厂,这座老工业建筑是否具有地标性呢?答案是肯定,从历史的角度来看,其地标性的来源首先在于它的重要民生意义。岸边发电厂所处的位置(图1)位于伦敦旧城正对面的南岸地区,与伦敦旧城的标志——圣保罗大教堂隔岸相对,两座建筑之间仅仅隔着一条泰晤士河。然而这一河之隔,却有着天壤之别,南岸地区在伦敦城建史上一直属于欠发展区域,与北岸所不同的是,19世纪到20世纪中叶前南岸地区大部分为私人拥有的仓库和码头,沿河岸排列成一条直线,离开河岸向南由服务性的道路组成。在这一工业化景观内,烟囱林立,酿酒厂、砖厂比比皆是,所有制形式多种多样,它们组合在一起,成为伦敦污染和工业化的重要组成部分[5]。可以说,与伦敦老城近在咫尺的南岸几乎是混乱、污染的代名词。有鉴于此,英国工党在掌权后的1947年,便利用“福利国家”政策对包括电力、钢铁、煤炭等在内的重工行业进行大批量的国有化改革,在南岸建设岸边发电厂便是首当其冲的重要工程之一。而正是因为岸边发电厂的建设,南岸地区迎来了前所未有的发展机遇,往日的混乱不堪变得日益井然有序,伦敦城也因此开启了向南岸发展的新趋势。故而,岸边发电厂的重要意义就在于,它不仅是改善南岸工业区混乱局面的典型,同时也是伦敦旧城跨越泰晤士河发展的一个标志,被BBC列为英国公众广泛认可的,二战后国家大力发展民生的重要象征[6]。

其次,从建筑特色和景观性上来看其地标属性也颇为显著。这座1963年完工的巨大工业建筑由英国著名建筑设计师小斯科特爵士(Sir Glies Gilbert Scott)于1947年完成设计。小斯科特爵士的设计素来以简洁、细腻为特色,发电厂的主体由420万块红砖砌成,巧妙地将英国传统的乡村建筑特色与工业景观融为一体,再加上39万平方英尺的四层地上空间、17万平方英尺以及略低于圣保罗大教堂的325英尺高度,使其成为与伦敦老城隔岸对峙的庞然大物。在传统与现代工业之间形成了颇具视觉张力的景观对话(图2),也因此成为了上世纪英国极简主义建筑中的典型代表。

尽管当泰特现代美术馆决定改造岸边发电厂的时候,这座建筑已经因为污染问题停止运作将近二十年,但其地标性并未消失,只是沉睡在了伦敦乃至英国公众的心中而已。所以当1993年时任泰特美术馆馆长的尼古拉斯·塞罗塔(Nicholas Serota)在参观岸边发电厂后便决心重新唤醒这座沉睡着的、曾经被公众所熟知的地标建筑。他表示:“(对于岸边发电厂的)改造将会充满想象力……这将比重新建一个新建筑让人更觉得兴奋。”[7] 当然,对于岸边发电厂的重新利用并不是简单的腾笼换鸟,与之相适应的改造方案也显得尤为重要。尽管目前已有一些针对性的研究[8],却忽视了一个重要原则,即保留、延续岸边发电厂原有的地标属性既是改造的前提,也是改造的关键所在。正如负责改建的建筑师赫尔佐格(Jacqes Herzog)和德·梅隆(Pierre de Meuron)所言,要对现有的建筑进行最少的改造,运用原有的建筑框架最大程度地挖掘建筑本身的潜力[9]。为了达到这一要求,在完工于1999年的一期改造中,岸边发电厂的建筑外形被完整留下,在改造过程中仅在建筑顶部加盖了一层现代建筑设计中常用的玻璃体,形成了一种老地标与新建筑之间特有的张力,凸显了老地标的当代属性(图3)。除此之外,针对其内部空间的改造也在符合展览要求的前提下,遵循了以旧有建筑为主体,以新加建筑结构为辅的理念,保留了发电厂原有的暗黑色钢铁架构,并将这种暗黑色的色调延伸至展厅内的诸如楼梯、通道等部分,原发电厂最核心部分的涡轮发电机房也成为后来该馆面积乃至体积最大的展厅——“涡轮大厅”。不仅于此,2016年在原发电厂的油罐位置新建的二期建筑,也仍然采用了原建筑的红砖外形特色,尽可能地在风格上保持了高度统一。这些改造最大程度地保留了原有建筑的内外部特征,让岸边发电厂以最小的改动完成了由工业遗存向美术馆的转型,使得岸边发电厂的地标性得以完好延续。

英国建筑学者苏珊娜·谢福曼(Susanna Sirefman)曾指出:“最完美的美术馆建筑让人心生期待又唤起回忆,同时还与所在位置和周边环境联系紧密。”[10]对于岸边发电厂的改造来说,因为最大程度地保留了原有建筑,故而改造后的新美术馆与周边的环境依然紧密相连,城市肌理和文脉也最大程度地得到了保护;其次,老地标的重新利用也唤起了人们对其地标性的“回忆”。在这两点基础之上,使得工业地标向美术馆改造的过程中,其原有的地标属性被直接转换为泰特现代美术馆的地标性建构上,以此获得了吸引力的原始积累。

在重启老地标、沿用老地标的改造理念下,社会公众对岸边发电厂的地标“记忆”不仅被成功唤醒,更重要的是,岸边发电厂在改造之后除了延续原有的地标意义之外还被赋予了新的内涵——“为艺术发电”[11],曾经的伦敦污染制造者究竟如何为艺术发电旋即成为社会公众的共同期待,从单纯的艺术圈内事变成了整个英国社会的公共事件[12]。在这一过程中,工业遗存与美术馆的这种看似悖论的融合,反倒创造出了一种有别于其他美术馆在建筑上追新求异的个性化特征,老地标建筑也因此顺利完成了向新地标建筑的转型。在激起大量公众好奇心的同时,巧妙契合了观众对个性化美术馆建筑的热衷,使得泰特现代美术馆早在建筑改造之时,便成功完成了吸引力塑造的第一步。


二、异质化展览呈现

对于前往美术馆的观众们来说,泰特现代美术馆地标式的展览建筑已经具备十足的吸引力,但这只是表层的吸引。确切地说,美术馆的核心内容——各类艺术展览则是进一步巩固吸引力并且扩大吸引力的重要手段。然而,对这个致力于收藏展示现当代艺术的年轻美术馆而言,举办能够吸引观众的展览并非易事。从英国社会对现当代艺术的接受历程来看,自二战前1902年成立以展示现当代艺术为主旨的白教堂美术馆再到二战后1986年萨奇美术馆的诞生以及1993年白立方(White Cube)的出现等,英国公众通过美术馆、画廊接触现当代艺术已经近百年之久,其对当代艺术的态度也经历了二战前的排斥、二战后一定程度的接受乃至20世纪80年代以来虽仍对现当代艺术褒贬不一,但已习以为常的三个阶段。所以尽管创作手法新颖而独特的现当代艺术相较于传统艺术而言具备一定的竞争优势,但仅靠艺术品的“现当代”属性作为卖点,对于英国的观众来说已经不足为奇。也因此倒逼泰特现代美术馆以艺术作品为基础,从观众的角度出发,在展览上构建出了具有自身特色、形式新颖的展览模式。

这种从观众角度构建的新展览模式首先体现在馆藏常设展方面。为泰特现代美术馆提供原始馆藏的老泰特美术馆由于在二战前对现代艺术的蔑视,导致其在收藏上出现了战前现代主义艺术的断层,甚至直到1933年才收藏了第一件毕加索的非重要作品——《花》[13]。而反观创立于1929年的纽约现代艺术博物馆(MoMA),其自上世纪30年代便开始大量收藏、展示在当时不为欧洲大陆所重视的现代艺术品,成为全世界第一家专业收藏现代艺术品,且收藏最丰富、展览最活跃的现代艺术博物馆,并借此成为西方现代艺术史的最重要的参与者与撰写者。因此,泰特现代美术馆如果将自己的馆藏按照传统的编年体陈列方式进行展示的话显然并非明智之举,其馆藏漏洞充其量只会让它成为纽约现代艺术博物馆甚至是蓬皮杜艺术中心光环下的一个“仅次于”的翻版角色,而“仅次于”的定位对于观众来说,其吸引力已经大打折扣。

尽管传统编年体式的馆藏陈列是反映艺术发展的最佳模式之一,也是各大现代美术馆最引以为傲的资本。然而从观众的角度而言,这种艺术史的视觉化呈现却难以摆脱旧式学院派艺术教育的影子,成为与艺术史教科书互为表里的存在,沉闷之余也难以激起观众在庞大的展厅中沿着艺术史的发展从开始走到结束的欲望。正如英国著名艺术史学者巴克·桑德尔(Michael Baxandall)所认为的,观众到美术馆参观更大的目的在于观赏中的愉悦感,如果没有的话还不如在家看书[14]。所以,一方面为了回避在馆藏方面的劣势,同时也为了能够让观众体验到不一样的观展方式,泰特现代美术馆能否提供一种有别于传统陈列的馆藏展就显得尤为重要了。因此,该馆放弃了传统叙事方式——宏观编年体式的线性排列,而是把编年体隐藏在了各个被精心选择的主题分类中(图4):将19世纪末期至今不同年代的艺术作品按照时间的先后,分别归入了历史、记忆、社会(History、Memory、Society);裸体、动作、身体(Nude、Action、Body);风景、物质、环境(Landscape、Matter、Environment);静物、物体、现实生活(Still Life、Object、Real Life)四个类别中。此分类方式从开馆一直延续到了2006年,并在2006年、2012年以及2016年进行过三次不同程度的更改。

这种主题式的编年陈列不仅在形式上别出一格,同时它还满足了观众快速而轻松的观展需求[15],受到了观众群体的极大欢迎[16]。所以就愉悦感而言,精心安排的主题式编年陈列,其优点就体现在观众可以更为轻松地在某一主题内通过作品视觉感官上的相似性,按照主题的提示去找寻不同风格与主题的关联,而这种关联的张力就来源于主题内对编年体的保留。这种给出一定线索的探究式陈列不仅可以让观众从传统宏观叙事中的疲倦中解放出来,还能让观众从被动的灌输转化为主动的探寻,继而获得观展的乐趣。除此之外,观众还可以从冗长的展厅中选择自己有兴趣的主题进行参观,此举不仅增加了观众参观过程中的自主性与娱乐性,还将展厅转化成为不失专业水准且更符合观众兴趣的艺术主题乐园,而非一些反对者所认为的“文化商场”[17]。而三次主题的变更,其很大程度上的原因也是为了防止长期固定的主题陈设造成观众的新鲜感丢失,以此来激发观众持续的观展意愿。

如果说泰特现代美术馆的主题常设展是该馆吸引观众基础之作的话,各类形式多样的特展则是其重要补充部分,也是吸引观众走进美术馆的重要流量推手。泰特现代美术馆的特展主要由四类构成:第一类是老大师展,如先后举办的毕加索、马蒂斯、梵高特展等均属此类;第二类是目前在艺术圈内有一定声望的艺术家的特展,这一类型的特展不仅包括大卫·霍克尼(David Hockney)、达明·赫斯特(Damien Hirst)这类欧美白人男性艺术家,女性艺术家乃至亚非拉地区艺术家的个展、群展也越来越多地出现在了展厅中;第三类是一些研究型的展览,如展示1905年至1955年苏联艺术的“红星照耀俄国”(Red Star Over Russia)、60年代美国黑人民权运动的“国家之魂:黑色力量年代的艺术”(Soul of a Nation: Art in the Age of Black Power)等。虽然以上三类特展都对吸引观众群体起到了很大的作用,但客观来说,这三种形式的展览在其他同类型的美术馆中都不难见到,对于挑剔的观众们来说,亦如泰特现代美术馆的常设展一样,他们更希望能够看到不同的特展形式。于是便出现了该馆所独有,最具泰特现代美术馆特色,且为大量观众所追捧的第四类特展形式——一年一度的“涡轮计划”[18]。该计划是由英国联合利华集团(Unilever)自2000年开始赞助,每次展览时间长达半年以上的超大型特展项目。

“涡轮计划”一词始于泰特现代美术馆的“涡轮大厅”,这里曾经是岸边发电厂涡轮发电机组所在地,在美术馆进行改造的过程中被完整地保留了下来,并被命名为“涡轮大厅”供展览之用。涡轮大厅长约155米,宽约23米,高约35米,从体量上来看它不仅是泰特现代美术馆最大的展厅(图5),在世界范围内也首屈一指。面对如此巨量的空间如何运用却是美术馆策展团队的一大难点,艺术家既有的作品中,无论是架上绘画还是架下装置都难以在展厅中展示,同时也难与涡轮大厅恢弘的气势所匹配。故而邀请艺术家针对涡轮大厅的特质进行实地创作成为唯一选项。无论是路易斯·布尔乔亚(Louise Bourgeois)为泰特现代美术馆开馆献礼的《我做、我取消、我重做》(I Do, I Undo, I Redo),还是安尼施·卡普尔(Anish Kapoor)的《马斯雅思》(Marsyas),抑或奥拉夫·埃里亚森(Olafur Elisson)的《天气计划》(The Weather Project),这些超大型的装置艺术都将美术馆的空间纳入了艺术作品之中,巨大的展厅成为作品的有机组成部分,而不仅仅是艺术作品的陈列场所,由此赋予了作品独特的视觉景观效果,成为“涡轮计划”区别于其他美术馆特展的一个十分惹眼的亮点。 

除了视觉上的景观性外,“涡轮计划”还解决了美术馆一直难以破除的“新”与“旧”的悖论问题。即便对现代美术馆而言,从现实角度上来看其所标榜的“新”也是不够新的,正如美国著名收藏家格特鲁德·斯泰因(Gertrude Stein)所认为的,某件东西要么是现代的,要么睡在博物馆里[19]。由于英国美术馆收藏与展示制度的制约,能够进入像泰特现代美术馆这类国家级展览空间进行展示的通常都是在艺术圈内已经有一定时间积淀的作品。换句话说,也就是最新的艺术作品往往首先在画廊等一线市场中崭露头角,而不是在美术馆中完成初次展示。即便是大卫·霍克尼、达明·赫斯特这些在英国现当代艺术中极具影响力的艺术家亦都莫不如此,这些艺术家在美术馆中的展览,从某种程度上来说只是回顾文献展而已。而泰特现代美术馆的“涡轮计划”便成功突围了这一悖论——将美术馆从艺术作品的陈列空间转型成艺术创作中的原始素材,使美术馆从激进艺术家以及博物馆怀疑论者口中陈列艺术尸体的坟墓变身成为艺术未来的开拓者。

如上所述,正因为泰特现代美术馆“涡轮计划”每一年的主题特展都是艺术家以涡轮大厅为基础进行的最新艺术创作,再加上巨型的作品体积所形成的奇特景观,由此构成了“涡轮计划”这一大型特展的异质性色彩,成为泰特现代美术馆有别于其他大型美术馆的独家特展项目,这对于观众来说无疑具有强大的吸引力。于是,在各界盼望下,涡轮大厅逐年推出主题展,佳评如潮且备受肯定,也因此从另一个角度实现了泰特现代美术馆所强调的——真正为艺术发电的理想[20]。


三、“看得懂”的观展服务

在以建筑为前导、以展览为核心的两个方面的基础上,美术馆是否能够为观众的观展过程提供相应的配套服务也日益受到关切,同时,这也是让观众获得良好观展体验,继而让美术馆保持持久吸引力的升华之举。目前,大多数美术馆已经意识到服务观众的重要性,在场馆的硬件和软件方面都出现了更多人性化的服务安排,诸如残障人设施、视听设备、饮水供应、讯息咨询、社区服务乃至于咖啡馆、食品店、文创礼品店等都被引入美术馆。然而,对于观众而言,其所需要的核心服务更多在于美术馆是否能够真正帮助他们理解艺术作品,从而体验到观展过程的乐趣,这在展示现当代艺术的美术馆中体现得更为明显。

对于大多数观众来说,参观现当代美术馆最为棘手的问题就是面对各种现当代艺术品却不知从何处下手,即便当观众们走进泰特现代美术馆已经有了主题分类的常设展厅时,这个问题依然存在。布尔迪厄(Pierre Bourdieu)曾在其《区分》一书的导言中写道:“艺术作品只对掌握一种编码的人产生意义并引起他的兴趣,艺术作品是按照这种编码被编码的……未掌握编码的观众面对在他看来乱七八糟的莫名其妙的声音和节奏、色彩、线条,感到自己被吞没了,‘被淹没掉了’。”[21]正如一些观众所认为的:“我觉得很不好意思,因为我看不懂那些展品的意义,我对博物馆的整体感觉就是,去那里参观的人都懂他们看到的东西,只有我不懂。我估计这些展品一定有某些意义,但是我就是看不懂。”[22] 

西方传统艺术作品的题材大多带有较强的叙事性,对于这类题材观众理解起来并不会显得太难。而由于现当代艺术作品主要关注点是对艺术本身的探索(如线条、形、色彩等),使得观众不再那么容易欣赏,也难于下手这种与传统艺术相背离的表达形式。从而欣赏现当代艺术作品也就成了那些具备一定现当代艺术素养的少部分人群的特权活动。

对于此问题,泰特现代美术馆曾对《卫报》表示,泰特的使命就是促进公众对英国现代和当代艺术的理解和享受[23]。因此,为了能够保证观众的观展质量,促进公众对现当代艺术的理解与享受,并进一步提高观众的满意度乃至再次观展的意愿,泰特现代美术馆就必须围绕观众希望能够理解艺术作品这一核心进行相应的观展服务,继而让观众在“看得懂”的基础上获得艺术享受。虽然部分美术馆已针对观众需要“看得懂”的问题采取了讲座和导览的解决方案,但囿于讲座场地、导览频率以及参与人数的限制,其实际效果和影响范围都毋庸讳言地受到了一定程度的桎梏。而泰特现代美术馆所采取的策略就显得更为开放立体与多元,除了常规的讲座、导览外,分别从观展前、观展中以及观展后的三个阶段对观众进行“看得懂”的观展服务,得到了大量观众的认可与支持[24]。

为了尽可能地让观众能够读懂现当代艺术作品,泰特现代美术馆首先在观展前对观众采取了提问式引导的解决方案,正如泰特现代美术馆现任馆长弗朗西斯·莫里斯(Frances Morris)所言:“我们不仅要讲述故事,提供自己的答案,还要提出问题,无论是研究人员还是普通观众都是如此。”[25]在泰特现代美术馆“开始”以及其他展厅的入口处都在显眼处张贴有类似如下的观展建议:

  我从哪儿开始?

  “开始”展厅向您介绍泰特收藏中最受欢迎的一些艺术作品,本展览展示了来自不同国家、不同文化和不同时代的艺术,它们之间的联系在于都表示了对色彩的关注。

  以下是一些您可以在“开始”和其他展厅中使用的想法,我们希望您的参观能够尽可能的愉悦,您不必在今天一天之内看完所有的展品,因为泰特的展览随时都可以参观。

  您不必喜欢所有的艺术品,您可能会看到一些让您怀疑什么是艺术的作品。如果您愿意仔细观察并思考,以下一些问题可以帮助到您:

  您对这件作品的第一反应是什么?

  为什么它会让您产生这样那样的想法?

  它是用什么做的?

  为什么艺术家选择了这些材料?

  作品的尺寸会影响您的体验吗?

  艺术家来自何处?生活在何时?这些会影响到艺术家吗?

  您觉得这些作品是关于什么的?

  本展厅的作品涵盖了绘画、照片以及带灯光的雕塑,您还能从泰特现代美术其他展厅中找到其他类型的作品吗?

  安·考克森(Ann Coxon) 泰特美术馆学习部

我们可以看到,泰特现代美术馆并没有简单地将作品内涵以大多数美术馆所热衷的专业方式去阐释,以标准答案的形式利用文字说明或语音导览直接呈现在观众的面前。而是在提问引导中,让观众自己在展厅中带着问题配合作品旁的信息铭牌找到合适自己的解读方式,更大程度上赋予了观众在参观过程中主动参与的权利。观众可以根据美术馆的提示,从艺术家、时代、材料、地域甚至是尺寸等多方面入手,对陈列的艺术品展开思考。以此将“看得懂”从美术馆俯视型的单线灌输提升为观众主动发现的方面,在没有标准答案的提问中找到自己的答案,此举不仅增加了观展的趣味,也激发了观众探索现当代艺术奥秘的欲望。

当然,想要看得懂仅靠问题的引导还略显不足,对于作品的欣赏乃至理解还要依托于观众在观展过程中对艺术作品的沉浸式品读,而沉浸式品读则离不开良好的观展条件。只有当观众有良好的观展条件时,才能进入艺术作品的语境,将观展前的问题引导带入参观过程,继而获得“看得懂”的体验,所以塑造良好的观展氛围也就显得尤为重要了。英国著名艺评人詹姆斯·埃尔金斯(James Elkins)曾建议观众:“把干扰降到最低——选择一间清净的展厅,看一件照明效果良好的作品。”[26]然而“把干扰降到最低”,美术馆就必须对人流数量进行限制,但这又与美术馆想要获得大量人流的愿景是自相矛盾的。正如盖蒂博物馆荣誉馆长约翰·沃尔士(John Walsh)所质疑的:“限制参观人数?有多少美术馆能够做得到,尤其是那些财政吃紧的大型美术馆?他的那一套都是对于手头宽裕的美术馆说的吧?”[27]而且限制参观人数也一定程度地剥夺了观众自由参观的权利,与美术馆的公益性相悖,因此限制人数只能是美术馆的应急之举而非长久之策。

对于泰特现代美术馆这种规模庞大的美术馆而言,因为大量展厅的存在,即便有大流量的观众,在分流至各个展厅之后也并不会显得过于拥挤。因此,为了让观众获得更好的观展体验继而可以“看得懂”艺术作品,限制参观人员数量并不是泰特现代美术馆的考量对象。而与人流相比,真正影响其观众沉浸在艺术作品中的主要原因,其实更多的是由于长时间观展而产生的“博物馆疲劳症”。所谓“博物馆疲劳症”,一方面是由于观众持续参观同一类型的艺术作品而产生的审美疲劳,另一方面则是因为久站而引起的体力不支。正是因为这两个方面的原因,使得大量观众即便只选择整个美术馆的某几个展厅参观,也难以持续沉浸在艺术的语境之中,继而影响到观展效果,更遑论“看得懂”了。而对于泰特现代美术馆来说,因其展厅内有诸如绘画、雕塑、装置乃至于影像等大量不同形式艺术作品的存在,公众在与艺术作品的互动中感到的审美疲劳并不十分突出[28],故其着力点主要聚焦在了解决“博物馆疲劳症”中的体力消耗问题[29]。

针对观众由于体力消耗而无法沉浸在艺术作品中的情况,实际上早在一个世纪前包括老泰特美术馆在内的各大美术馆就已经考虑到了——在展厅中对准艺术作品安装舒适的沙发等设施。然而这种设置是基于原来美术馆较为固定的陈列而出现的,对于展览内容频繁更换的现当代美术馆而言,固定的沙发已经不再合适。因此,在西方绝大多数现当代美术馆的展厅内已难以寻觅这类供观众休息的设施,甚至在展厅外也难觅踪迹。部分美术馆虽会以咖啡厅、餐饮店的形式来代替休憩区,但这种将休憩区放在与展厅相隔甚远的咖啡厅等地的做法就会迫使观众中断观展过程,继而影响其沉浸式体验。与此相对的是,泰特现代美术馆则采取了较为变通的做法,除了在展厅外设置大量可供休息的区域之外,更重要的是还在美术馆各个角落放置了大量简易座椅,方便观众在观展过程中在展厅中使用(图6)。此举既解决了展厅内不宜设置固定沙发的矛盾,又可以让疲劳的观众在作品前坐下来,继续带着前导的问题去细细品读作品,而不用打断思路跑到展厅外寻找休息的地方。这样的布置虽看似简单,却是以观众为核心理念的最直接体现,走在了众多同类型美术馆的前列。此外,在展厅内外还有一些身穿“ASK ME”(问我)工作服的志愿者,方便参观的观众在仍看不懂的情况下可以随时询问。在参观完成之后的阶段,对于那些对艺术作品仍感困惑或有进一步探索欲望的观众而言,除了可以购买相应的展览图册之外,泰特现代美术馆还提供免费的工作坊(Work Shop)、泰特谈话(Tate Talk)以及为上班族准备的晚间讲座等形式多样的服务来帮助他们理解和欣赏艺术作品,从而达到“看得懂”的目的。

正是因为泰特现代美术馆发现并正视了观众“看得懂”的诉求,并通过观展前、观展中乃至观展后三个阶段的服务支撑,才使得走进展厅的观众不再迷茫与困惑,大大升华了观众群体的观展体验,使得因“老地标建筑”和“异质化展览”而走进泰特现代美术馆的观众始终保持着参观艺术品的兴趣,也由此保证了美术馆对观众群体的长期吸引力。


结语

泰特现代美术馆顺应时代潮流,以观众为先,在老地标的再利用、异质化的展览呈现以及“看得懂”的观众服务这三个方面的努力下,在开馆的一年之内,便吸引了超过525万人次的观众前去参观,仅仅少于大英博物馆的570万人次,这一数字更是远远超过了当年纽约现代艺术博物馆120万的观众数量[30]。时至今日,无论是在泰特现代美术馆的涡轮大厅里,还是在精心设计的展厅内都有来自世界各地的观众,这里不仅有艺术爱好者和鉴赏家,还有穿着短裤的游客、社交的青少年以及在学校组织下前来课外学习的学生们。泰特现代美术馆在获得超级吸引力的同时,已经不再是美术馆的单一身份,它更是化身为伦敦旅游业和娱乐业的一部分,成为了与大笨钟、伦敦塔、伦敦眼等齐名的英国文化坐标。


作者 | 陈名(上海大学上海美术学院博士研究生)

原文刊载于《美术观察》2019年第9期


注释:

1 Jerry C. Olson, Association for Consumer Research, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1972, p. 167.

2 Orah Solomon, “Forget the Art——It’s All About the Buildings”, New York Times (9 December, 2001).

3 转引自万书元《当代西方建筑美术学新思维》,《贵州大学学报》2004年第1期,第28页。

4 转引自吴焕佳《外国现代建筑二十讲》,生活·读书·新知三联书店,2007年版,第340页。

5 [英]特里·法雷尔《伦敦城市构型形成和发展》,杨至德等译, 华中科技大学出版社2015年版,第30页。

6 Frances Spalding, The Tate: A History, London: Tate Publishing, 1998, p. 276.

7 Ibid., p. 279.

8 请参阅许扬帆、王冬《含蓄的“介入”与悄然的“重构”——泰特现代美术馆更新改造方法探究》,《建筑与文化》2018年第7期,第207—209页。

9 Oliver Wainwright, “How We made Tate Modern ”,Guardian, (21 July, 2016).

10 Susanna Sirefman, “Formed and Forming: Contemporary Museum Architecture”, Daedalus, Vol. 128, No. 3 (Summer 1999): 298.

11 Jens Liebchen, “Power Station for Art VS Art for Power Station”, Art Journal, Vol. 60, No.1 (Spring 2001): 12.

12 Ibid.

13 James Beechey, “Picasso and Britain” in James Beechey and Chris Stephens, Picasso & Modern British Art, London: Tate Publishing, 2012, p. 13.

14  Ivan Karp, Exhibiting Cultures, London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991, pp. 33-41.

15 Hilton Kramer, “The Museum as Culture Mall”, New Criterion, (June 2001): 4-9.

16 Editorial, “Tate Modern Five Years On”, The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 147, (July 2005): 449.

17 Hilton Kramer, “The Museum as Culture Mall”, New Criterion, (June 2001): 4-9.

18 https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-modern/exhibition/unilever-series, 2019-3-25.

19 Bruce Altshuler, Salon to Biennial-Exhibitions That Made Art History, London: Phaidon Press, 2008, p. 15.

20 Mignon Nixon and Alex Potts (eds.), “Round Table: Tate Modern”, October Magazine, Vol. 98, (Autumn 2001): 21.

21 [法]布尔迪厄·刘晖译,《区分——判断力的社会批判》,北京:商务印书馆, 2015: 3.

22 [美] 史蒂芬·威尔,《博物馆重要的事》,张誉腾译,台北:五观艺术,2015: 150.

23 John Still, “Drive-thru art: How the Tate is Engaging the Public with Ad Innovation”, Guardian, (20 February, 2015).

24 Mignon Nixon and Alex Potts (eds.), “Round Table: Tate Modern”, October Magazine, Vol. 98, (Autumn 2001): 21.

25 朗西丝·莫里斯,《泰特如何华丽变身,把所有权交给公众》,黄松译,澎湃新闻,2018-5-12.

26 James Elkins, Pictures and Tears, London: Routledge, 2005, p. 210.

27 [美]约翰·沃尔士,《画作、眼泪、光线和座椅》,詹姆斯·库诺,张婷等译,《谁的缪斯: 美术馆与公信力》,北京:中国青年出版社,2013: 90.

28 朗西丝·莫里斯,《泰特如何华丽变身,把所有权交给公众》黄松译,澎湃新闻,2018-5-12.

29 Angela Marsh, “Pragmatist Aesthetics and New Visions of the Contemporary Art Museum: The Tate Modern and the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art”, The Journal of Aesthetic Education, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Autumn, 2004): p. 102.

30 https://www.tate.org.uk/press/press-releases/tate-modern-may-2000-may-2001, 2019-04-20.

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(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Event Booking Form

Name:
Gender
Phone:
Valid Certificate: Identity Card
ID Number:
Email:

Reminder:

Hello! Thank you for participating in our public education event and we are looking forward to seeing you! If you cannot attend the event on time, please send a text message to 13261936837 (Liang) to cancel the booking. Please be aware that your eligibility for using the quick booking may be affected If you cancel the booking more than three times. Thank you for your understanding!
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