【新青年艺文】“不明觉厉”:记第二届CAFAM双年展

最近,第二届CAFAM双年展,继“超有机”之后,以“无形的手:策展作为立场”为题拉开序幕。展览邀请了六位来自世界各地重要艺术院校的年轻策展人,以每人一项策展板块与理念的形式,用六个相互独立的展览,构成了这一既相当国际化,又具有当下性与实验性的双年展。

这六个板块分别为:“游戏理论”、“《金枝》的密码——巫术、鬼魂,与面孔的经济学”、“没有木偶比操纵者更愚蠢”、“博物馆地下室”、“关于模糊性和其他游戏形式”、“物的议会,抑或,在持续迷惑的好奇中漫步”。事实上,即便尚未看过展览,单只面对这六个拗口的展览名称,也能够想见开幕之后将会引发的最大范围的反馈,即:“看不懂”。这种“看不懂”同时出现在普通观众与艺术的圈内人之中,而有别于一脸困惑转身离开的普通观众,圈内人士往往还会补充一句:“不明觉厉”。


在一项关于2013年最热门词汇的调查中,“不明觉厉”一词当选。作为一项社会性的调查,这一评选赋予“不明觉厉”的,更多的是针对中国当下的现实意义。“虽不明,但觉厉”,意指虽然搞不明白到底怎么回事,但是觉得很厉害的样子,用以形容2013年中国的事件与现状再合适不过:在这一年,中国的经济终于爬升到世界第二,且会也开了,届也换了,苍蝇也打了,包子也吃了,但好像面对民生,面对教育,面对房价与雾霾,生活在其中的你我仍有满腔的不满和不快,即便听了冗长的会议报告与专家语录,仍然谁也说不清中国的现状究竟该怎样描绘,谁也搞不清未来的走向会是如何。但是,不管看好或看坏,巨大的变化仍然等在转角,巨大的权力之手仍然是“天注定”,这,便是我们感到不明觉厉的原因。

有趣的是,“不明觉厉”一词如今进入艺术界,成为了对本次双年展最大的反馈。如果循着这个词的内在逻辑,首先需要追问的是,不明的是什么?为何不明?这便涉及一个核心问题,即展览作品与策展人之间的关系。原因在于,对于作品的不明,与策展无形之手的调节有关,而策展人之于作品、尤其是当代艺术作品,所应起到的解读与照亮的作用,如今却持续地遭到指责,因而在本次双年展“无形的手”的主题之下,策展人被推到问题的风暴中心。

在围绕本次双年展的访谈中,实际上,易英老师已经将策展人的历史与职能,讲的再清楚不过。作为一位美术史学者,易英指出,一方面随着社会的现代转型与艺术史的演进,艺术由原本受到教会、贵族的庇护转为自力更生,在当代文化中处于边缘位置的艺术,如何面向市场与观众?如何在与意识形态的共谋中获取自身价值?而艺术家在创作之外,也无力了解与应对市场的走向和公共的交往,这样一来,策展人的身份便从原来博物馆、美术馆中默默无闻的职员,走向了前台;另一方面,艺术进入当代的阶段,审美的功能早已让位于观念的力量,美术创作所原有的感动人心、讲述故事等功能,如今也已被音乐、电影等更为普及的流行文化所取代,因此,如何将当代艺术的观念带入公共视野,如何解读艺术观念与当下社会与文化议题之间的关系,自然又需依靠策展人的筹划与运作能力。

当代艺术强调观念,强调艺术之于当下的感知与反思,如此,对于不明作品的观众,转而去博物馆欣赏古典油画以提升审美水平,自然是不得其门而入,浅层次的、对于作品的难以看懂,一方面需要借助对美术史的学习,另一方面则需与当代艺术一起,关注当下的文化政治问题。至于如何向观众解读艺术作品背后的观念,便轮到艺术专业人士的出场。如果说当代的观念艺术,已经在库苏斯“艺术即哲学”的层面上,与理论拥有了共同的功能与任务,那么它也就成为哲学家所理解的那样,如谢林所言,帮助哲学表达理论所不能表达的问题,或如德勒兹所言,艺术在感性与理性之间,启发、生成人的思想形象。这样看来,面对纷乱的现实,艺术在哲学的精致思维之外,做出了对于当下更为敏锐的反应,而正如“不明觉厉”所最初指涉的中国问题,在这个层面上,当代艺术和策展,与生活在今日的你我一起,体味着这种“不明觉厉”,当代艺术与当代观众,在这种“不明觉厉”的感受与现实意义中,达成了一致。


然而仍需指出的,是人们对于“超有机”的怀念。与本届双年展特意突出策展理念不同,“超有机”是以多个单元的主题形式加以呈现。因为既然当代艺术与理论面对与思考的,是一致的问题,那么在理论所总结出的主题之下,艺术作品便能够得到分门别类的组合,构架出清晰的展览结构,比如“生命政治”的主题、“身体”的主题、“城市”的主题等等。而反观“无形的手”最受争议的,也便是对于策展理念的过度强调,而这种强调,同样成为理解作品的阻碍。

争议之中最为激烈的,毫无疑问是来自艺术家的群体。如邱志杰便将这次双年展的策展讥讽为“标题党的胜利”,认为整个展览成为了各个策展人呈现其理念的立体ppt,使人无法分清这究竟是一次对作品的策展,还是一件整个的策展作品。

这种争议其实在开展之初便已存在。如本次展览题目的翻译问题,“无形的手:策展作为立场”的“立场”,余丁老师便认为过于生硬与抢眼,应该根据英文的“gesture”一词,直译为“姿态”,以体现策展人隐匿于展览与作品背后的形象。事实上,如何策展作品,策展如何不高于作品,是当代艺术世界始终存在、并被持续讨论的问题,而本次展览虽然仍显示出这一饱受争议的症结,但可贵的是,它以一种严肃的,而且国际化、开放化的姿态,将这一问题正式摆上桌面,提供了一次可供讨论的机会。



如果说在当代艺术世界中,作品与展览已然融为一体,那么运用解读作品的理论回看展览本身,便可发现,无论单个的艺术家创作,还是策展人的理念提出,仍然处于当代理论的讨论范围之内,仍然躺在从福柯的权力、德里达的文本到德勒兹的生成理论的遗产之中。

本次双年展的六个主题,除了“《金枝》”一项颇为独特外,大部分策展理念所想要探讨的,仍是权力与主体、艺术与体制之间的关系,而对于这一关系的反思,也是哲学与理论界自福柯以来,不倦的研究课题。

如在“关于模糊性和其他游戏形式”的板块,法国女艺术家莉莉·雷诺-杜瓦的作品《我不知道概念艺术家是什么样子》,用一场混沌的布置,陌生的语境与艺术家的独舞,共同构建起了艺术家对于当下的创作,与体制之间关系的思考;而在“物的议会”中,李然用相似的形式,扮演了一位徜徉于欧洲美术馆,既不会英语,又看不懂现代绘画的艺术家,这样一位中国艺术家希望通过对西方经典作品的欣赏、拍摄,记笔记与整日凝望,达到对自身思考与创作的顿悟效果,而这样普遍性的盲目努力,却恰恰构成了作为艺术家的个体,对于“物”的另一种迷恋;在“没有木偶比操纵者更愚蠢”中,艺术家(或者说策展人)将这种权力与主体进一步明确化,定位为二者之间控制与被控制的关系,如余政达对于语言结构的暴力展示,与王卫将动物园的场景,作为异质化的语境,对于美术馆空间的强行视觉介入等。

然而,也正是本次双年展“策展”之主题的有趣所在,这种当代创作所关注的权力问题,实际上在展览的无形的手中,进入了另一种艺术与体制的关系,即展览中的作品,与策展人权威之间的张力,也就是说,本身即在诉说与对抗着权力的作品,在这样一次策展人重磅登台的背景下,被赋予了另一层基于展览机制的可能的前卫意义。在未及反复细读展览的情况下,可试将这种作品与策展的关系分为几种:一是较为传统的,策展人展出与其理念相应的作品的形式,如“《金枝》”所做的;二是警觉到策展对于艺术作品的霸权,而刻意将策展人的身份在展览中隐去,如“物的议会”、“博物馆地下室”;

第三种则如当代艺术的持续实践那样,认识到了这种权力与主体的关系,认识到机制性的长久存在,是不容忽视的真相,是当下难以改观的现实,那么,艺术的创作,便不如表现出一种游戏的姿态,一种娱乐的精神,而这种游戏也不仅存在于作品内部,还在其所身处的策展五指山上,四处游弋,无处不在地闪现着身影,如“关于模糊性和其他游戏形式”与“游戏理论”。这样的姿态,这样的娱乐精神,便如中国人面对除夕的春晚,面对每年此时被无形的锁定为同一频道的意识形态,节目、或者说作品的好坏在此退居次席,人们对这一权力的思考与态度,转而在网络的吐槽与娱乐中,得到了最大程度的宣泄。也就是说,当权力之眼时刻在看着你,当当代艺术反体制的创作,最终也难逃策展的体制规则,那,便不如娱乐至死,不如先玩了再说;

在权力与主体之间,在艺术与策展之间,无形的手暂时不会消失,流血冲突也已成为上世纪的鲁莽与过时之举,这样一来,娱乐便成为了某种充满智慧的生存之道,成为了某种不失身份的姿态表达,然而,是否抵抗的行为便自此无从谈起,是否便要这样坠入娱乐的无意义循环?“没有木偶比操纵者更愚蠢”似乎提供了另一种可能,程展纬的《请给没戴安全带的人命名》虽然影射的是香港的政治现实,但却因为身处这一主题性的展览空间,以作品中一句“Are you ready to be a puppet?(你准备好做一个木偶了吗)”,在整个强调策展的双年展中,达到了惊人的反讽效果。作品所叙述的木偶,似乎成为了艺术家本人的喻指,即在策展无形的手中,任人摆布的道具,而另一方面,操纵木偶的绳索,在艺术家的作品中,却又是确保主体生存的安全带,也就是说,在策展的权力调节下,在大型双年展的规则中,艺术家成为了这一体制中的傀儡,而反过来,这种傀儡与权力之间的关系,同时赐予了艺术家一种安全的保障,为艺术家提供了长期曝光与盈利的机会,在这样一种达成共识的关系里,策展与作品相安无事,艺术世界得以在大家的心照不宣中,平稳运转。而艺术家这一记响亮的双向讽刺,在策展人那里同样得到回应,正如策展主题所言“没有木偶比操纵者更愚蠢”,在娱乐的大环境之中,在不明觉厉的真相与未来之间,反讽的勇气相比游戏的姿态,更领先了一个身位。


最后,“不明觉厉”的主题再次回归,变作艺术世界的皇帝新衣。在双年展的论坛上,当终于有观众鼓足勇气,像一位误闯入其中的他者一般,说出了自己看不懂的困惑,策展人也便熟练地打起太极,抑或政治正确地避而不答,似乎在说,不明可以,但仍需觉厉,此为规则所在。策展人玄妙理念的提出,自然不是面向普罗大众,但或许在艺术世界的分工下,策展人更应当做的,是展览统筹的具体工作,而将野心适度缩小,将解读作品与展览的任务,更多地交给学术。

大概因为学习美术史出身的原因,这次双年展更吸引我的,是极具品质的、对于策展历史的谱系考,正如“不明觉厉”的现实仍将维持,在展览与讨论继续的同时,或许在对历史的梳理与反思中,我们对于策展与当代艺术的真正理解,才会慢慢发酵。


张晨\文(转载于【新青年艺术少龙】微信) 
董慧萍、全晶、陈昱树\图

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I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Group Visit Agreement
and Statement

CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement

I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.

CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer

Article I

This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

Article II

Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.

Article III

Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.

Article IV

Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.

Article V

During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

Article VI

Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement

According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Event Booking Form

Name:
Gender
Phone:
Valid Certificate: Identity Card
ID Number:
Email:

Reminder:

Hello! Thank you for participating in our public education event and we are looking forward to seeing you! If you cannot attend the event on time, please send a text message to 13261936837 (Liang) to cancel the booking. Please be aware that your eligibility for using the quick booking may be affected If you cancel the booking more than three times. Thank you for your understanding!
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